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Index
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: General Principles of Pharmacology
HOW DO DRUGS ACT?
THE BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER AND PLACENTA
PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING
METABOLISM
DRUG EXCRETION
PHARMACOKINETIC PRINCIPLES
PHARMACOGENETICS
METHODS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
DRUG INTERACTIONS
VOLATILE ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
Chapter 2: Inhalational Anaesthetic Agents
PROPERTIES OF THE IDEAL INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETIC AGENT
AGENTS IN COMMON CLINICAL USE
AGENTS IN OCCASIONAL USE
ANAESTHETIC GASES
Chapter 3: Intravenous Anaesthetic Agents
BARBITURATES
NON-BARBITURATE INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
INTRAVENOUS MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA
Chapter 4: Local Anaesthetic Agents
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
THE VOLTAGE-ACTIVATED Na+ CHANNEL
PAIN FIBRES
LOCAL ANAESTHETIC STRUCTURE
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
DIFFERENTIAL SENSORY AND MOTOR BLOCKADE
PHARMACOKINETICS
CLINICAL PREPARATION OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
ENANTIOMER PHARMACOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL LOCAL ANAESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGY
LOCAL ANAESTHETIC TOXICITY
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE LOCAL ANAESTHETIC TOXICITY
EMERGING LOCAL ANAESTHETIC APPROACHES
Chapter 5: Analgesic Drugs
OPIOIDS
PARACETAMOL
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
COX-2-SPECIFIC INHIBITORS
KETAMINE
Chapter 6: Muscle Function and Neuromuscular Blockade
PHYSIOLOGY OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION
PHARMACOLOGY OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION
REVERSAL AGENTS
NEUROMUSCULAR MONITORING
Chapter 7: Sedative and Anxiolytic Drugs
INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF SEDATIVE DRUGS
BENZODIAZEPINES
NEUROLEPTICS
α2-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS
OTHER DRUGS
Chapter 8: Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DRUGS ACTING ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DRUGS ACTING ON THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
VASODILATORS
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
DRUGS ACTING VIA THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN–ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Chapter 9: Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System
DRUGS AFFECTING AIRWAY CALIBRE
DRUGS ACTING ON THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE
DRUGS MODERATING VENTILATORY CONTROL
OXYGEN THERAPY
DRUGS AFFECTING MUCOCILIARY FUNCTION
Chapter 10: Drugs Used in Renal Disease
DRUG CONSIDERATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DYSFUNCTION
VASOACTIVE DRUGS USED IN RENAL DYSFUNCTION
DIURETICS
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, SEPSIS AND THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER CARDIAC OR MAJOR VASCULAR SURGERY
DRUGS AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 11: Metabolism, the Stress Response to Surgery and Perioperative Thermoregulation
METABOLISM
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
PROTEIN METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM
THE STRESS RESPONSE TO SURGERY
THERMOREGULATION AND ANAESTHESIA
Chapter 12: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance
BASIC DEFINITIONS
COMPARTMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL BODY WATER
SOLUTE COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
WATER HOMEOSTASIS
PRACTICAL FLUID BALANCE
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
ACID–BASE BALANCE
Chapter 13: Haematological Disorders and Blood Transfusion
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD
HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ANAESTHESIA
INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES AND REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA IN COAGULOPATHIC PATIENTS
THROMBOSIS AND ACUTE ISCHAEMIC EVENTS
PATIENTS WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY
BLOOD PRODUCTS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION
MAJOR HAEMORRHAGE
Chapter 14: Basic Physics for the Anaesthetist
BASIC DEFINITIONS
FLUIDS
GAS REGULATORS
THE VENTURI, THE INJECTOR AND BERNOULLI
HEAT
VAPORIZATION AND VAPORIZERS
HUMIDITY AND HUMIDIFICATION
SOLUBILITY OF GASES
ELECTRICITY
ISOTOPES AND RADIATION
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
ULTRASOUND
LASERS
OPTICAL FIBRES
FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS
Chapter 15: Anaesthetic Apparatus
GAS SUPPLIES
CYLINDERS
THE ANAESTHETIC MACHINE
SAFETY FEATURES OF MODERN ANAESTHETIC MACHINES
BREATHING SYSTEMS
VENTILATORS
SCAVENGING
RESERVOIR BAGS
LARYNGOSCOPES
TRACHEAL TUBES
PROTECTING THE BREATHING SYSTEM IN ANAESTHESIA
SUPRAGLOTTIC AIRWAY DEVICES (SADs)
OTHER APPARATUS
DECONTAMINATION OF ANAESTHETIC EQUIPMENT
Chapter 16: Clinical Measurement and Monitoring
PROCESS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
BIOLOGICAL ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
BIOLOGICAL MECHANICAL SIGNALS
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GAS AND VAPOUR ANALYSIS
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
TEMPERATURE
BLOOD LOSS AND TRANSFUSION
MONITORING STANDARDS
ALARMS
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA
ANAESTHETIC RECORD-KEEPING
Chapter 17: Preoperative Assessment and Premedication
THE PROCESS OF PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
PREDICTION OF PERIOPERATIVE MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY
POSSUM
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
PREMEDICATION AND OTHER PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES
Chapter 18: Intercurrent Disease and Anaesthesia
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
ASTHMA
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
LIVER DISEASE
RENAL DISEASE
DIABETES MELLITUS
OTHER ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
ANAESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ELDERLY
ANAESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
MYELOMA
PORPHYRIA
Chapter 19: Consent and Information for Patients
TYPES OF CONSENT
CONSENT AS AN ACTIVE PROCESS
SUMMARY
Chapter 20: The Operating Theatre Environment
THE OPERATING THEATRE SUITE
Chapter 21: The Practical Conduct of Anaesthesia
PREPARATION FOR ANAESTHESIA
INDUCTION OF ANAESTHESIA
POSITION OF PATIENT FOR SURGERY
MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA
OTHER TECHNIQUES
CONDUCT OF EXTUBATION
EMERGENCE AND RECOVERY
Chapter 22: Management of the Difficult Airway
BEFORE MANAGING THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY
MANAGEMENT OF THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY
DIFFICULT AIRWAYS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF UNPREDICTED DIFFICULT INTUBATION
EMERGENCY SURGICAL AIRWAY TECHNIQUES
MANAGEMENT OF THE PREDICTED DIFFICULT AIRWAY
MANAGEMENT OF THE OBSTRUCTED AIRWAY
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES
EXTUBATION AND RECOVERY
THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY IN OTHER LOCATIONS
MANAGEMENT OF THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY IN CHILDREN
AFTER DIFFICULT AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
Chapter 23: Management of the High-Risk Surgical Patient
WHAT MAKES AN OPERATION HIGH-RISK?
IDENTIFYING THE HIGH-RISK SURGICAL PATIENT
RISK PREDICTION SCORING SYSTEMS
Revised Cardiac Risk Index
POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATION RISK PREDICTORS
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
REDUCING RISK BEFORE SURGERY
ALTERNATIVES TO MAJOR SURGERY
PREOPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE RISK
IDENTIFYING PATIENTS IN NEED OF POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENT
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
INOTROPIC SUPPORT FOR THE HIGH-RISK SURGICAL PATIENT
Chapter 24: Local Anaesthetic Techniques
FEATURES OF LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
COMPLICATIONS OF LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA
CENTRAL NERVE BLOCKS
PERIPHERAL BLOCKS
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Chapter 25: Anaesthesia for the Bariatric Patient
INTRODUCTION
MEASURING OBESITY
OBESITY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, COMORBIDITY AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME
COMORBIDITY AND ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT
CLINICAL RESPIRATORY COMORBIDITY
ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT POINTS
CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
VASCULAR DISEASE
LIVER
PHARMACOLOGY
BARIATRIC OPERATIONS
POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF THE OBESITY SURGERY PATIENT
Chapter 26: Day-Case Anaesthesia
PATIENT SELECTION
ORGANIZATION OF THE DAY-CASE UNIT
ANAESTHESIA
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
Chapter 27: Anaesthesia for Gynaecological and Genitourinary Surgery
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION (TUR) SYNDROME
REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA
PERIOPERATIVE INFECTIONS
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
ANAESTHETIC IMPLICATIONS OF SPECIFIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Chapter 28: Anaesthesia for Orthopaedic Surgery
THE PATIENT POPULATION
TECHNIQUES OF ANAESTHESIA
POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Chapter 29: Anaesthesia for ENT, Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery
ENT SURGERY
ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
ANAESTHESIA FOR HEAD & NECK CANCER SURGERY
DENTAL ANAESTHESIA
Chapter 30: Ophthalmic Anaesthesia
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE
OCULAR BLOOD FLOW
OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX
CONDITIONS FOR INTRAOCULAR SURGERY
CHOICE OF ANAESTHESIA
NOMENCLATURE OF BLOCKS
OPHTHALMIC REGIONAL BLOCKS
OPHTHALMIC DRUGS RELEVANT TO THE ANAESTHETIST
ANAESTHESIA FOR SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIC PROCEDURES REQUIRING GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
CONCLUSION
Chapter 31: Anaesthesia for Vascular, Endocrine and Plastic Surgery
MAJOR VASCULAR SURGERY
SURGERY FOR TUMOURS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PLASTIC SURGERY
BURNS
Chapter 32: Neurosurgical Anaesthesia
APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NEUROSURGICAL ANAESTHESIA
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
ANAESTHESIA FOR ELECTIVE INTRACRANIAL SURGERY
ANAESTHESIA FOR SURGERY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD
ANAESTHESIA FOR EMERGENCY INTRACRANIAL SURGERY
MANAGEMENT OF THE HEAD-INJURED PATIENT
INTENSIVE CARE MANAGEMENT OF HEAD-INJURED PATIENTS
ANAESTHESIA FOR CT AND MRI SCANNING
Chapter 33: Anaesthesia for Thoracic Surgery
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
ANATOMY
INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA
ANAESTHESIA FOR THORACIC SURGERY PROCEDURES
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
OUTCOME
Chapter 34: Anaesthesia for Cardiac Surgery
TRENDS IN SURGICAL PRACTICE
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
MONITORING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ANAESTHETIC TECHNIQUE
HAEMODYNAMICS AFTER CPB
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
Chapter 35: Obstetric Anaesthesia and Analgesia
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
PHARMACOLOGY OF RELEVANT DRUGS
BASIC OBSTETRICS
FEEDING AND ANTACID PROPHYLAXIS IN LABOUR
PAIN AND PAIN RELIEF IN LABOUR
EPIDURAL AND SUBARACHNOID ANALGESIA
REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA FOR THE PARTURIENT
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA FOR THE PARTURIENT
ASSESSMENT OF THE PREGNANT WOMAN PRESENTING FOR ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA
EMERGENCIES IN OBSTETRIC ANAESTHESIA
ANAESTHESIA FOR INTERVENTIONS OTHER THAN DELIVERY OR EXTRACTION OF RETAINED PRODUCTS OF CONCEPTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chapter 36: Paediatric Anaesthesia
PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NEONATE
PHARMACOLOGY IN THE NEONATE
ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT
SPECIFIC OPERATIONS IN THE NEONATE
Chapter 37: Emergency Anaesthesia
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
THE FULL STOMACH
TECHNIQUES OF ANAESTHESIA
THE ANAESTHETIST AND MAJOR TRAUMA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chapter 38: Anaesthesia Outside the Operating Theatre
ANAESTHESIA IN REMOTE HOSPITAL LOCATIONS
ANAESTHESIA IN THE PRE-HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 39: Anaesthesia for the Patient with a Transplanted Organ
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANAESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFIC ISSUES
SUMMARY
Chapter 40: Postoperative Care
THE EARLY RECOVERY PERIOD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
OTHER MAJOR POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
OTHER COMPLICATIONS (TABLE 40.10)
Chapter 41: Postoperative Pain
PHYSIOLOGY
EFFECTS OF NOXIOUS SURGICAL STIMULATION
INPATIENT PAIN TEAMS
CAUSES OF VARIATION IN ANALGESIC REQUIREMENTS
MEASUREMENT OF PAIN
TREATMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
METHODS OF TREATING POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA AND PAIN MANAGEMENT
PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA
BALANCED (MULTIMODAL) ANALGESIA
NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
Chapter 42: Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
DEFINITIONS
MECHANISMS OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING
ADVERSE EFFECTS
IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT RISK
MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGY
Chapter 43: Complications During Anaesthesia
CAUSES OF COMPLICATIONS
Chapter 44: Quality and Safety in Anaesthesia
QUALITY
CULTURE OF QUALITY AND SAFETY
MEASURING SAFETY AND QUALITY
DESIGNING PROBLEMS OUT OF THE SYSTEM
SUMMARY
Chapter 45: The Intensive Care Unit
STAFFING AN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
OUTREACH/FOLLOW-UP
ADMISSION TO THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
MONITORING IN ICU
INSTITUTION OF INTENSIVE CARE
OTHER ASPECTS OF INTENSIVE CARE
ETHICAL ISSUES IN ICU
OUTCOME AFTER INTENSIVE CARE
DEATH IN THE ICU
ORGAN DONATION
DISCHARGE FROM INTENSIVE CARE
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Chapter 46: Management of Chronic Pain
DEFINITIONS OF PAIN AND RELATED TERMS
THE PARADIGM OF PAIN
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PAIN
CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
COSTS OF PAIN MANAGEMENT SERVICES
Chapter 47: Resuscitation
INTRODUCTION
SCIENCE AND GUIDELINES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PREVENTION
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT
PERI-ARREST ARRHYTHMIAS
POST-RESUSCITATION CARE
DECISIONS RELATING TO CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
NATIONAL CARDIAC ARREST AUDIT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Appendix A: Training and Assessment in Anaesthesia
Appendix B: Data, Statistics and Clinical Trials
Appendix C: Clinical Data
Index
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