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Index
Preface. VII
Acronyms and Abbreviations. XIX
1. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS - SI. 1
1.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SI BASE UNITS. 2
1.2 REALIZATION OF UNITS. 5
1.3 PHYSICAL STANDARDS OF UNITS. 6
1.4 TRACEABILITY.. 6
1.5 UNITS OUTSIDE THE SI. 7
1.6 SI PREFIXES. 8
1.7 BINARY UNITS. 8
2. MEASUREMENT ERRORS. 11
2.1 GRAVE ERRORS. 12
2.2 SYSTEMATIC ERRORS. 12
2.3 RANDOM ERRORS. 12
2.4 CONFIDENCE LIMITS. 16
2.5 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY.. 18
2.6 LIMITS OF ERROR (SPECIFICATIONS) 19
2.6.1 Indirectly Measured Quantities. 20
3. MEASURING ELEMENTS. 23
3.1 RESISTORS. 23
3.1.2 Resistance Decades and Slide Resistors. 24
3.1.3 Resistance Standards. 25
3.1.4 Oil Bath. 27
3.1.5 Group Standards. 29
3.1.6 Hamon Transfer Resistor 33
3.1.7 Quantum Hall Resistance Standard. 34
3.2 CAPACITORS. 35
3.2.1 Equivalent Circuit of Capacitors. 35
3.2.2 Capacitor Standards. 36
3.3 INDUCTORS. 37
3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of Inductors. 38
3.3.2 Inductance Standards. 38
3.4 LABORATORY VOLTAGE SOURCES. 39
3.5 VOLTAGE STANDARDS. 39
3.5.1 Josephson Array Voltage Standard. 39
3.5.2 Weston Voltage Standard. 40
3.5.3 Electronic Voltage Standards. 42
3.6 ADJUSTING THE CURRENT.. 43
3.6.1 Adjusting the Current with Potentiometer 43
3.6.2 Adjusting the Current with Resistor 44
4. ANALOGUE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. 47
4.1 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS. 47
4.1.1 Torque and Counter-Torque. 47
4.1.2 The Scale and Pointing Device. 48
4.1.3 Uncertainty in Reading Analogue Instruments. 49
4.1.4 Sensitivity and Analogue Instrument Constant 50
4.1.5 Standards and Regulations for the Use of Analogue Electrical Measuring Instruments. 50
4.2. INSTRUMENT WITH MOVING COIL AND PERMANENT MAGNET (IMCPM) 52
4.2.1 Extending the Measurement Range. 53
4.2.2 Measurement of Alternating Current and Voltage Using IMCPM... 54
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