Collecting Qualitative Data by Guest, Greg -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Copyright Brief Contents Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors 1. Qualitative Research: Defining and Designing

What Is Qualitative Research?

Qualitative Data Types

Epistemological Perspectives

Interpretivism Positivism, Post-Positivism and Model-Dependent Realism

Basic Approaches in Qualitative Research

Phenomenology Ethnography Inductive Thematic Analysis and Grounded Theory Case Study Approaches Discourse and Conversation Analysis Narrative Analysis Mixed Methods Approaches

Finding Your Focus: Research Design Considerations

Establishing Research Objectives When to Use Qualitative Methods When Not to Use Qualitative Methods What Aspect(s) of Human Experience Do I Wish to Examine? What Is My Unit of Analysis? What Is the Scope of My Research Topic? How Much Structure Do I Need?

Summing Up

About This Book

References Additional Reading

2. Sampling in Qualitative Research

What Is Sampling? Selecting Whom to Sample

Inductive Sampling

Sampling Approaches

Census Non-Probability Sampling Purposive Sampling Probabilistic Sampling Simple Random Sample (SRS) Systematic Sample How Do I Choose a Sampling Strategy?

Choosing Sample Sizes

In-Depth Interviews Focus Groups Participant Observation Sampling in Mixed Methods Research Timing Relationship Between Samples

Recruiting Working Internationally Summing References Additional Reading Exercises

3. Participant Observation

What Is Participant Observation? Direct Observation Versus Participant Observation Why Use Participant Observation? The Role of Participant Observation in the Research Process How to Conduct Participant Observation

Choosing the Research Venue(s) Preparing to Enter the Field Entering the Observation Venue What to Observe Organizing Data How Long to Stay Exiting the Venue

Ethical and Practical Considerations

Informed Consent and Ethics in Participant Observation Researcher Safety Legal Issues and Constraints

Participant Observation in International Settings

Dealing With Social Limits Dealing With Linguistic and Cultural Translation Issues

Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises

4. In-Depth Interviews

What Is an In-Depth Interview?

An Interview Typology

Why Use In-Depth Interviews?

Exploring Explaining

Common Types of In-Depth Interviews

Phenomenological Interviews Oral History Case Study As Part of a Larger Study

Recruiting Participants Preparing for an Interview

Planning Training

Developing an Effective Instrument

Process Types of Instruments How Much Structure Do I Need for My IDI Guide? Types of Interview Questions Phrasing Questions Sequencing Questions Developing Transition Explanations

Conducting an In-Depth Interview

Where/When to Conduct In-Depth Interviews Establishing Rapport General Interview Flow Probing Most Common In-Depth Interview Mistakes (and solutions) Dealing With Emergent Issues

Documenting the Interview

Use of Audio-Recording Note Taking Interviewing in Teams Post-Interview Debrief

In-Depth Interview Variations In-Depth Interview Outputs Working Internationally

Translation Interpretation Matching Interviewers and Interviewees Building Rapport

Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises

5. Focus Groups

What Is a Focus Group? Why Use Focus Groups? Practical Dimensions of Conducting Focus Groups

Focus Group Size Incentives Recruiting Participants

Preparing for a Focus Group

Timing Facilities Training

Developing an Effective Instrument Conducting a Focus Group

Gauging the Group Setting the Tone and Expectations Probing in Focus Groups Maximizing the Focus Group Dynamic Managing Different Personalities Closing out the Focus Group Most Common Focus Group Mistakes (and solutions)

Documenting the Focus Group

Post-Event Debrief

Focus Group Variations

Telephone Focus Groups Internet Focus Groups

Focus Group Outputs Working Internationally

Preparing for a Cross-Cultural or International Focus Group Working With Groups in Cross-Cultural and International Settings Interpretation and Translation in International and Cross-Cultural Groups

Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises Appendix 5.1

6. Additional Qualitative Data Collection Methods

Projective Techniques

Analysis Modes

Activities Appropriate for Both In-Depth Interviews and Focus Groups

Listing Categorizing Creating Timelines Drawing and Mapping Building a Collage Visual Elicitation Techniques Photos Objects Rating and Ranking Post-Event Reflection

Activities Best Suited for Focus Groups

Delphi Method Creating a Campaign

Activities Best Suited for Individual Interviews

Laddering Ethnographic Decision Modeling

Document Analysis

Steps in Document Analysis Analytic Approach to Documents Hypothesis-Driven (Confirmatory) Document Analyses Content-Driven (Exploratory) Document Analyses

Working Internationally Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises Appendix 6.1 Appendix 6.2

7. Qualitative Data Management

What Is Data Management? Why Is Data Management Important? Identifying Sources and Labeling Data Data Conversion

Transcribing Translating

Keeping a Record of Events Monitoring Data Quality and Study Progress Organizing and Storing Data Archiving Creating an “Audit Trail” Working Internationally Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises Appendix 7.1 Appendix 7.2 Appendix 7.3 Appendix 7.4 Appendix 7.5

8. Ethical Dimensions of Qualitative Research

Basic Ethical Principles in Research What Is Different (or not) About the Ethics of Qualitative or Sociobehavioral Research? What Is an “Ethical” Qualitative Research Design?

Do You Need to Have Your Qualitative Study Reviewed by an IRB? Are There Other Forms of Review or Consultation You Will Need?

Ethical Considerations for Participant Observation, In-Depth Interviews, and Focus Groups

Informed Consent Confidentiality Incentives

Monitoring Your Research Reporting Problems Working Internationally Summing Up References Additional Reading Exercises Appendix 8.1

Index

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