Body Psychotherapy by Heller, Michael C. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Contents Foreword Preface to the English Edition Acknowledgments Introduction

Body Psychotherapy The Dimensions of the Organism

An Individual Is an Organism Social System, Individual System, and Psyche The System of the Dimensions of the Organism (SDO)

The Epistemological and Ethical Framework of Psychotherapeutic Knowledge

Part I. The Organism in the far east: In Search of the Universe that Manifests in the Organism

1. Asana and Pranayama of Hatha Yoga

The Eight Limbs of Yoga

A Search that Involves the Totality of the Organism Ecstasy Is Born through the Mastery of the Multiplicity that Flourishes in Each One of Us The Yogi’s Knowledge of the Body

The Pranayama as the Foundational Link between Mind and Body

The Phases of Respiration Internal Respiration or the Dynamics of Prana

Tantric Techniques of Trances

Kundalini The Chakras

2. Chinese and Taoist Refinements

Metaphysical Taoism

The Metaphysics of the Tao Are Associated to the Notions of the Chi, the Yin, and the Yang The I Ching Acupuncture: Influencing the Deep Dynamics of the Organism through Touch and Movement

Philosophical Taoism

The Sage Acts in Accord with Nature Gymnastics for the Elderly

Religious Taoism and the Development of the Martial Arts

The Arrival of Buddhism in China The Alchemy of the Taoists The Techniques of the Martial Arts: Paradoxical Respiration, Punch, and Grounding

Final Comments on Prana and Chi

Part II. Starting with the Certitudes of the Soul and Ending with the Ambivalences of the Mind

3. About Plato: Idealism and Body Psychotherapy

Idealism, Body, and Soul at the Dawn of Science The Idealism of Plato

The Soul and the Body Soul and Thoughts Differences between Mind and Soul

Idealism and Absolute Truths in Body Psychotherapy

The Neo-Reichian Idealism A Passionate and Profoundly Emotional Experience Is a Way to Taste the World of Ideas The Transpersonal Dimension Must a Treatment Create Harmony in the Organism?

The Dangers of Idealism

The Political, Moral, and Sexual Implications of Idealism Are Those Who Condemn Socrates Necessarily Ignorant and Wicked Citizens?

Discussion: The Last of the Great Teachers Creates the Academy of Masters

4. René Descartes: The Body and the Soul of Scientists

An Epistemological Undertaking

From Plato to Descartes From Athens to Amsterdam: One Maritime City to Another The Body in the Renaissance: From Empiricism to Science From the Causal System to Parallelism Rules for the Direction of the Mind of Scientific Philosophers

The Realm of Thoughts

Thoughts Are the Source of Science Thought According to Descartes Consciousness and Co-consciousness

The Soul as a Boat that Tries to Survive an Endless Storm

The Psychologist Is Not Competent in Biology and the Biologist Is Not Competent in Psychology The Body as an Infernal Prison

5. Spinoza’s Parallelist Systemics Situates the Mind in a Lay Universe

Spinoza’s Theory on Nature, Society, and the Individual

A Project for Democracy Spinoza Takes Us from a Universe Created by Superior Forces to a World that Spontaneously Organizes Itself The Notion of Complexity in Spinoza’s System

Mental Structure, Spontaneous Illusions, and Projections

The Inherent Perversions of the Mind Imagination, Reason, and Intuition The Regulation of the Organism by Social Dynamics

Too Much Coherence

6. Hume and Kant: A Mind without a Soul, without a Body, and without Direction

David Hume: A Student in Crisis

The Treatise of a Tumultuous Youth Propensities, Instincts, and Passions The Basic Ethics of All Intellectual Inquiries: Socrates, Spinoza, Hume, Kant

Kant Decrees the Impossibility of Making Pronouncements about the Great Dogmatic Metaphysical Preoccupations

The Critique of Pure Reason Resonates with An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding The New Metaphysics The Necessary Illusions Visions and Reason Conscious Thoughts as Virtual Organismic Phenomena and Unconscious Memories of Abuse Plasticity and Constraints of the Mental System

Part III. The Organism of the Biologists

7. From Evolutionary Theory to Artificial Intelligence

The Gradual Differentiation of Organisms Has Generated Psychological Dimensions

The Mind Is a Constituent of the Development of the Organism’s Complexity Time Is a Factor that Allows the Essence of Beings to Change: The Multiple Layers of a Slow History

Lamarck Establishes Biology by Showing that the Essence of Nature is Dynamic

Situating Biology: From Buffon to Lamarck The Psychophysiology of the Organism From Propensity to Inclination

Wallace

A Self-Taught Gentleman The Jungle: A Particularly Inspiring Museum of Natural History The Mind: Somewhere between Unknown Forces and Biology

Darwin

Darwin’s Passion for the Evolution of the Species Darwin and the Emotions Idealism and Variety Wallace’s Darwinism

The Neo-Darwinism of Today

Saint-Hilaire against Cuvier: On the Degree of Coherence of Biological Architectures A Few Key Concepts from Artificial Intelligence and the Neurosciences

8. Homeostasis, Hormones, Vegetative Functions, and the Brain: Somatic Autoregulation of the Affects and the Organism

Introduction: Physiology and Psychotherapy The Internal Environment, Homeostasis, and the Social Regulation of Cells

The Internal Environment According to Bernard Cannon and Homeostasis Physiology, Homeostasis, and Mood

The System of Vegetative Regulation and Affects

The Vegetative Neurohormonal Regulatory System of the Organs and Affects The Psychophysiology of Stress Uvnäs-Moberg and Oxytocin: The Axis of Affection

The Circuits of the Brain

The Myth of an Emotional Brain Is a Lesion in the Brain the Direct Cause of Behavioral Disorders? Stress and the Cognitive Approach Proposed by Fradin

Discussion: Hume’s Propensity Revisited

Interacting with One’s Environment, Calibrating a Propensity, and Calibrating the Self The Parallelistic Dynamics of Mood Disorders

Part IV. Hypnosis, Relaxation, and Gymnastics at the Birth of Body Psychotherapy: How to Mobilize the Forces of the Organism

9. Physiognomy, Phrenology, Emotional Expressions, and Character Analysis: A Discussion of Theories Based on the Idea that There Exists a Direct Linear Relation between a Mental and a Psychological Function

The Shape of the Body = The Shape of the Soul

Dictionaries The Beauty of the Body = The Beauty of the Soul Linear Approaches to Emotional Expressions

A Critique of Models Based on the Assumption that There Existsa Linear and Direct Connection between Psychological and Bodily Dynamics

A Human Being Needs to Hope that What He Perceives Has a Meaning He Can Understand The Lures of Ethology The Relative Robustness of Results Confirming the Relevance of Linear Models of Emotional Expression

10. Spirituality, Hypnosis, and Energy

From Mesmerism to Hypnosis Theosophy and Spirituality Energy = The Quantity of Activity

Newton: I Need Theoretical Variables to Describe the Dynamics of the Universe Imagination and Intellection in Newton’s Day Energy and Psychological Representations

11. The First Methods of Relaxation

Schultz and Autogenic Training

The Link between Thoughts and Body Are Nonconscious but Manageable A Practical Introduction to Autogenic Training

Jacobson: Progressive Relaxation

The Consciousness of the Gesture according to James The Brain and the Hand

Dynamic Relaxation in Psychotherapy

12. Organismic Gymnastics: From Elsa Gindler to Moshe Feldenkrais

Introduction: Gymnastics and Organismic System

The Swedish Gymnastics The Organism Reduced to the Needs of Gymnastics

Gindler’s Berlin: How to Find the Gymnastic One Needs

Introduction Hanish The Organismic Gymnastic of Gindler

From Gurdjieff to Feldenkrais

Gurdjieff: Exploring Gestures that Educate and Calibrate Organismic Regulation Systems Feldenkrais

13. The Postural Dynamics

Introduction: The Posture as an Interface between the Organism and its Social Ecology The Notion of Posture

Posture and Gravity The Floors of the Postural Construction Basic Posture and the Setting of Psychotherapy

The Notion of Postural Repertoire The Gymnast and the Citizen

The Ideal Type and Muscle Tone The Logic of the Body and the Logic of the Organs: Symmetries and Asymmetries The Citizen’s Body The Return of the Venous Blood in the Legs: Behavior and Physiology

Part V. The Psyche as Regulator of the Organism

14. The Origins of Psychoanalysis and Freud’s First Topography

A Nonconscious Unconscious and the Birth of German Experimental Psychology

Von Helmholtz and Wundt Introspection and Experimental Psychology The Unconscious Inferences of von Helmholtz and Wundt Freud and Cocaine

Principles of the First Topography

Freud’s First Topography: The Unconscious, the Preconscious, and the Conscious The Regulatory Systems of the Psyche that Create Psychopathology The Nonconscious and the Unconscious

Neurosis as the Content of the First Topography

The Etiology of Neurosis Hysteria in Psychiatry Today Breuer, the Cathartic Method, and the “Talking Cure” The Causes of Neurosis: Initial Trauma or Blockage of the Accommodation?

Free Associations as the Basic Method of the First Topography

The Talking Cure of Breuer and Freud The Power of the Mind on the Body From Dream Analysis to Behavior Analysis Gestured Thoughts and Spoken Thoughts

15. From the Dynamics of the Libido to the Second Topography and the Death Instinct

Libido Disorders Create Neurosis

The Libido Body Segments and Libido

The Metapsychology

It Is Time to Change! From Thoughts to Drives

Freud’s Second Topography

The Necessity to Create a Second Topography Why Does an Organism Need Nightmares?

16. Psychoanalysis and the Body

The First Attempts to Include Considerations of the Body into Psychoanalytical Treatments

Adler and the Functional Identity of the Body and the Soul Spielrein: Psychoanalysis, Cognitive Psychology, and Nonverbal Communication Groddeck The Active Psychoanalytic Technique of Ferenczi

The Creative Friendship between Fenichel and Reich

A Friendship between Students: The Seminar on Sexuality Reich: Student and Then Companion of Fenichel Berlin 1923–1929: The Psychoanalytic Clinic of Berlin Meets Gindler’s School of Gymnastics Reich in Vienna (1920–1930) Reich in Berlin (1930–1933): Communism and Sexual Liberation, Character Analysis and the Body

Part VI. The Organismic Approach of Wilhelm Reich and the Systemic Psychosomatics of Otto Fenichel

17. Vegetotherapy

Transition Phase Oslo: Reich Creates a New Form of Therapy

Reich Turns His Back on Psychotherapy to Help the Organism Find Its Pulsation The Vegetative Dimension Animates and Coordinates the Psyche and the Body Reich Picks the Wrong Enemy: What Fenichel Would Have Liked to Discuss with Reich with Regard to the Body and Psychotherapeutic Technique

18. Psychosomatics and Orgonomy

Fenichel’s Last Formulations on the Coordination of Mind, Affects, Physiology, and Body (1939–1946)

A Multiple Parallelism Integration of the Physiological Dynamics in Psychotherapy

From New York to Maine (1939–1957): Reich Discovers Orgone

Hope Is for Tomorrow, When a True Democracy Will Become Possible Orgonomic Therapy and Psychotherapy The Idealism of Reich

19. After Reich (1945–2000)

Putting the Body and the Psyche in the Organism Again

The Development of Body Psychotherapy The 1960s Attempts to Defend Reich’s Proposition The 1970s: Body Psychotherapy as Consumer Products The 1980s: The Need to Undertake an In-Depth Clinical Research on the Relevance of Body Psychotherapy The 1990s: Body Psychotherapy as an Emerging Field

Back to Oslo

Psychotherapy or Body Psychotherapy? Waal Braatøy: The Couch and the Massage Table Bülow-Hansen: A Psychomotor Exploration of Emotional Embodiment Gerda Boyesen Refexes and Reactions

Lowen and Bioenergetic Analysis

The Establishment of Bioenergetic Analysis Grounding A General Critique of Lowen’s Bioenergetics

A Few Examples of Issues Regularly Raised by Body Psychotherapists in 2010

Part VII. Nonverbal Communication Research and Psychotherapy

20. Filmed Interactions: The Behavior of an Invisible Visible Body

Introduction: A New Way to Approach the Organism

Behavior Can Adapt Itself Simultaneously to a Multitude of Heterogeneous Stimulations

A Systemic View of Interaction

Nonverbal Communication, or the Body in Communication

An Invisible Visible Body Constructing a Representation of Body Communication The Body without Sound

21. The Mother-Infant Dyads of Stern, Beebe, and Tronick: Self-Regulation and Interaction Regulate Each Other

The Historical Background of the Psychoanalytic Research on the Body in the Mother-Infant Relationship Stern and Mutual Regulation

Contingency Attunement Intersubjectivity The Nonconscious Regulations of Muhammad Ali Vitality and Cathexis

Beebe

Self-Regulation and the Interactive System Actions that Simultaneously Participate in One’s Self-Regulation and That of the Other Transference and Recurrent Regulation Regulation of Contingency

Tronick

Individual and Dyadic Homeostasis Introducing the Notion of Practices

22. Downing and Integrative Body Psychotherapy in

California: A Golden Age for Creative Psychotherapists A Body Psychotherapy that Seeks to Overcome the Controversies between Schools Energy and Body Psychotherapy The Micro-Practices

Organismic Practices Detecting Micro-Practices The Analysis of Habits by Merleau-Ponty Micro-Analysis of the Face and Body Psychotherapy Micro-Practices and Representations The Emotions as Indicators of Certain Modes of Organismic Functioning The Emerging Map of Future Body Psychotherapy

23. Summary: Toward a Form of Psychotherapy that Integrates Nonconscious Practices

Conclusions

The Limits of Dividing Reality into Distinct Realms of Knowledge What Is Body Psychotherapy? The System of the Dimensions of the Organism: A Summary of Some of the Implications of This Model Speculative, Empirical, Clinical, and Experimental Scientific Research The Epistemological Status of Research in Psychotherapy A Robust Ancient Knowledge Final Remarks

Appendix about Postures of Reference Notes Glossary References and Bibliography Name Index Subject Index Copyright

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