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Index
Instructions for online access Cover image Title Page Table of Contents Copyright Contributors Foreword
References
Preface Video Contents Photo Credits
Front and Back Cover, Spine, Part 17 Parts 1 to 5, 9, 12, 14, 16 Part 6 Parts 7, 15 Part 8 Part 10 Part 11 Part 13
Part 1 Mountain Medicine
Chapter 1 High-Altitude Physiology
Definitions The Environment of High Altitude Acclimatization to High Altitude References
Chapter 2 High-Altitude Medicine and Pathophysiology
High-Altitude Syndromes Other Medical Concerns at High Altitude References
Chapter 3 High Altitude and Preexisting Medical Conditions
A General Framework for Evaluating Travelers with Underlying Medical Conditions Specific Medical Conditions at High Altitude Medication Considerations in High-Altitude Travelers with Underlying Medical Problems References
Chapter 4 Avalanches
Properties of Snow Avalanche Dynamics Identifying Avalanche Terrain Factors That Contribute to Avalanche Formation Safe Travel in Avalanche Terrain Avalanche Rescue The Avalanche Victim Avalanche Victim Physiology and Medical Treatment after Rescue Summary Acknowledgments References
Chapter 5 Lightning-Related Injuries and Safety
Historical Overview,,, Modern Lightning Myths and Misconceptions Incidence of Injury Early Scientific Studies and Invention of the Lightning Rod Physics of Lightning Stroke Mechanisms of Injury by Lightning* Pathophysiology of Lightning Injury Injuries From Lightning,,, Recognition and Acute Treatment of Lightning Injuries, Forensic Investigation Precautions for Avoiding Lightning Injury Controversies and Ongoing Research in Lightning Injury, Lightning Detection and Data Applications References
Part 2 Cold and Heat
Chapter 6 Thermoregulation
Conceptualizing the Thermoregulatory System Basics of Core Temperature Consequences of Altered Core Temperature Monitoring Temperature of the Core and Other Sites Physical Factors That Govern Heat Exchange: the Heat Balance Equation Thermoregulatory Network Effector Responses Evaporative Cooling Metabolic Adjustments Behavioral Adjustments Important Modifications of Thermoregulatory Responses Induced Alterations of the Regulated Temperature Altered System Responsiveness and Capacities References
Chapter 7 Accidental Hypothermia
Epidemiology Normal Physiology of Temperature Regulation Pathophysiology Predisposing Factors Presentation Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Fluid Resuscitation Rewarming Options Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cerebral Resuscitation Resuscitation Pharmacology Resuscitation Complications Forensic Pathology Outcomes References
Chapter 8 Immersion into Cold Water
History and Epidemiology Physiologic Responses to Cold-Water Immersion with the Head Above Water Factors That Affect Cooling of the Body's Core Cold-Water Survival Physiologic Responses to Cold-Water Submersion with the Head Under Water Rescue (Self-Initiated or Assisted) Medical Management References
Chapter 9 Frostbite
History of Frostbite Epidemiology Anatomy and Physiology Pathophysiology of Frostbite Definitions and Classifications Contributing Factors Clinical Presentation Field Treatment Definitive Treatment (Immediate Treatment) Evaluation and Treatment in the Hospital Surgical Treatment Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite Prediction of Individuals at Risk Prevention Potential Future Developments: Preventive Strategies Possible Future Treatments References
Chapter 10 Nonfreezing Cold-Induced Injuries
Epidemiology Physiology Pathophysiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Treatment Assessing Injury Severity Prevention More Severe Injuries Trench Foot (Immersion Foot) Pernio (Chilblains) Raynaud's Phenomenon Cryoglobulinemia Cold Urticaria References
Chapter 11 Polar Medicine
The Distinction between Arctic and Antarctic Medicine Importance of Polar Medicine Brief History of Human Habitation in Polar Regions Arctic Medical Problems Antarctic Medical Practice Overview and Future Developments Acknowledgments References
Chapter 12 Pathophysiology of Heat-Related Illnesses
Heat Stress and Thermoregulation Heat Illnesses Heatstroke Epidemiology and Risk Factors Pathophysiology of Heatstroke Heatstroke Treatments (See Chapter 13) Heatstroke Prevention Genetic Polymorphisms References
Chapter 13 Clinical Management of Heat-Related Illnesses
Exertional Heat Illness Adaptation to Environmental Conditions Acknowledgments References
Part 3 Burns, Fire, and Radiation
Chapter 14 Wildland Fires
Wildland Fire Management and Technology Wildland-Urban Interface: New Look at a Historical Problem Wildland Fire Behavior Fire-Related Injuries and Fatalities Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Survival: Principles and Techniques Wildland Fires and Human Behavior Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References
Chapter 15 Emergency Care of the Burned Patient
Epidemiology Physiology Types of Burns Clinical Presentation Treatment Inhalation Injury Other Considerations References
Chapter 16 Exposure to Radiation from the Sun
Solar Radiation Acute Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Skin: Sunburn and Tanning Phototrauma Sun and Skin Cancer Photoprotection Photosensitivity Disorders Tips for the Wilderness Enthusiast References
Chapter 17 Volcanic Eruptions, Hazards, and Mitigation
Mt Vesuvius, AD 79 Volcanoes and Their Global Distribution Types of Volcanoes Volcano Hazards Risk Reduction from Volcanic Hazards References
Part 4 Trauma
Chapter 18 Wilderness Trauma and Surgical Emergencies*
Wilderness Trauma Emergencies Overview Primary Survey Secondary Survey Adjuncts to Surveys Advances in Wilderness Care Adapted From Combat Medicine Injuries to the Head, Face, and Neck Injuries to the Thorax Blunt Cardiac Injuries Traumatic Asphyxia Penetrating Chest Wounds Injuries to the Abdomen Pelvic Trauma Extremity Trauma Wilderness Surgical Emergencies Anal Fissure and Hemorrhoids Urologic Emergencies Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Sterility in the Austere Environment Anesthesia in the Wilderness References
Chapter 19 Emergency Airway Management
Airway Anatomy The Decision to Intubate Basic Airway Management Airway Obstruction From a Foreign Body Suction Supplemental Oxygen Ventilation Advanced Airway Management Alternative Strategies for the Difficult Airway Alternative Airway Adjuncts and Techniques Surgical Airway Management Airway Equipment for the Wilderness References
Chapter 20 Management of Facial Injuries
History and Examination of Facial Injuries Diagnosis and Treatment of Facial Injuries Prevention of Facial Trauma References
Chapter 21 Wound Management
Types of Wounds and Definitions Clinical Presentation Treatment Complications Wound Care Kit References
Chapter 22 Wilderness Orthopedics
Scope of the Problem Physical Examination Potentially Life-Threatening Musculoskeletal Injuries Upper Extremity Injuries Hip and Leg Injuries Other Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal Injuries Overuse Syndromes and Special Considerations Spinal Disorders Corticosteroid Injections Returning to the Wilderness after Total Joint Replacement Prosthetics in the Wilderness New Technologies for Casting and Bracing Decisions About Evacuation References
Chapter 23 Splints and Slings
Spine Immobilization Splinting of the Extremities Techniques of Splinting References
Chapter 24 Taping and Bandaging
Taping Bandaging References
Chapter 25 Foot Problems and Care
Blisters of the Foot Common Foot and Ankle Injuries References
Chapter 26 Hunting and Fishing Injuries
Hunting Injuries Fishing Injuries References
Chapter 27 Tactical Medicine
History of Tactical Medicine Shared Principles of Military Tactical Combat Casualty Care and Civilian Tactical Medicine Principles of Civilian Tactical Medicine The Tactical Mission Reserve Programs Uniforms and Personal Protective Gear Education and Training Programs Future of Tactical Medicine References
Chapter 28 Combat and Casualty Care
Background Battlefield Medicine Versus Standard Civilian Prehospital Care The Basics of Military Medicine Blast Injuries Tourniquets and Hemostatic Agents Management of the Airway in Combat and Civilian Trauma Chest Trauma Fluid Resuscitation Medication Burns Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Initial Approach to Wound Care Pain Management Unique Aspects of Military Triage and Mass Casualties Traumatic Emotional Stress: the Continuum of Effects Telemedicine Unexploded Ordnance Death References
Chapter 29 Injury Prevention
Principles of Wilderness Injury and Prevention Individual Factors and Injury Prevention The Physical Environment and Injury Prevention Unique Risks of Select Wilderness Activities References
Part 5 Animals and Zoonoses
Chapter 30 Bites and Injuries Inflicted by Wild and Domestic Animals
General Epidemiology Typical Victim Circumstances Surrounding and Prevention of Animal Bites: Animal Behavior Basic Principles for Avoiding Animal Bites Evaluation and Treatment of Injuries Wild Animal Attacks Venomous Mammals Domestic Animal Attacks Medicolegal Considerations References
Chapter 31 Rabies
Current Status The Rabies Virus Rabies IN the United States Rabies In Other Countries Features of Human Rabies Therapy Rabies Considerations for Travelers Other Lyssaviruses Current Rabies Developments Rabies Remains a Neglected Global Public Health Crisis Acknowledgment References
Chapter 32 Bear Behavior and Attacks
North American Bears Prevention and Risk Reduction Bear-Induced Injuries Acknowledgment References
Chapter 33 Alligator and Crocodile Attacks
Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Habits Feeding and Predation Habits Overview of Attacks Treatment of Crocodilian Bites Prevention of Crocodilian Attacks If an Attack Occurs References
Chapter 34 Wilderness-Acquired Zoonoses
Anthrax Bartonella Infections Brucellosis Glanders Leptospirosis Melioidosis Rat-Bite Fever Plague Tularemia Avian/Swine Influenza Cowpox and Monkeypox Infections Hantavirus Pulmonary (Cardiopulmonary) Syndrome Hendra Virus Nipah Virus Cysticercosis (Taeniasis) Echinococcosis Trichinellosis Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Acknowledgment References
Chapter 35 Bites by Venomous Reptiles in Canada, the United States, and Mexico
Venomous Snakes Venomous Lizards Considerations before Going Into the Wilderness References
Chapter 36 Bites by Venomous and Nonvenomous Reptiles Worldwide
Dangerous Reptiles Venomous Snakes Identification of Venomous Snakes Venom Composition,,, Epidemiology of Snakebite Distribution of Venomous Snakes Snakebite Mortality and Morbidity Clinical Features of Envenoming and Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Clinical Pattern of Envenoming by Different Taxa of Venomous Snakes Course and Sequelae of Envenoming Laboratory Investigations Management of Snakebite,,,,,,, Prevention of Snakebite Venomous Lizards Dangerous Large Reptiles References
Chapter 37 Ranch and Rodeo Medicine
Ranch Medicine Rodeo Medicine References
Chapter 38 Emergency Veterinary Medicine
Dogs Large Animals References
Part 6 Insects and Arachnids
Chapter 39 Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Mosquitoes Diseases Caused by Mosquitoes Mosquito Control Acknowledgements References
Chapter 40 Malaria
Epidemiology Malaria Parasite Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Research and Vaccine Development Resources References
Chapter 41 Arthropod Envenomation and Parasitism
Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, and Ants) Lepidoptera Centipedes and Millipedes Millipedes Hemiptera (Sucking Bugs) Beetles and Other Insects Diptera (Two-Winged Flies) Lice (Order Anoplura) Fleas (Order Siphonaptera) Mites (Class Arachnida, Order Acarina) General Treatment of Insect Bites Protection and Prevention Delusions of Parasitosis Conclusion References
Chapter 42 Tick-Borne Diseases
Ixodid Ticks Argasid Ticks Ticks as Poisonous Arthropods Ticks as Vectors of Infectious Diseases Tick-Borne Borrelial Diseases Relapsing Fevers Tick-Borne Viral Diseases Tick-Borne Rickettsial Diseases Q Fever Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Babesiosis Tularemia Tick-Borne Disease Prevention and Awareness References
Chapter 43 Spider Bites
Spiders and Their Venoms General Assessment and Treatment of Spider Bites Guide to Spider Diversity and Identification Suborder Mygalomorphae Suborder Araneomorphae References
Chapter 44 Scorpion Envenomation
Scorpion Biology Regional Considerations: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Treatment Pathophysiology and Clinical Effects Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References
Chapter 45 Protection from Blood-Feeding Arthropods
Mosquitoes (Family Culicidae) Blackflies (Family Simuliidae) Biting Midges (Family Ceratopogonidae) Tabanids (Family Tabanidae) Sand Flies (Family Psychodidae) Tsetse Flies (Family Glossinidae) Stable Flies (Family Muscidae) Kissing Bugs (Family Reduviidae) Fleas (Family Pulicidae) Chigger Mites (Family Trombiculidae) Ticks (Families Ixodidae and Argasidae) Personal Protection References
Part 7 Surgical and Medical Interventions
Chapter 46 Improvised Medicine in the Wilderness
General Assessment and Vital Signs Improvised Diagnostic Equipment and Supplies Improvised Treatment Equipment and Supplies Improvised Airway Management (See Chapter 19) Improvised Wound Management Cleaning and Reusing Medical Supplies and Equipment Blister Management Removal of Objects Trauma Improvised Treatment for Orthopedic Injuries Splinting and Traction Methods Trauma and Hypothermia Eye, Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat Improvisation Useful Tools and Equipment to Carry Improvised Transport References
Chapter 47 Principles of Pain Management
First Contact Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Pain in the Wilderness Pharmacologic Treatment of Specific Patient Populations in the Wilderness Introduction to Regional Anesthesia for Wilderness Pain Management Auricular Acupuncture in Austere Environments Topical Therapies Analgesia for Corneal Abrasions Pretravel Preparation Practical Guide to Regional Anesthesia for Emergency and Wilderness Pain Management Specific Block Techniques References
Chapter 48 The Eye in the Wilderness
Preliminary Planning The Wilderness Eye Emergency Kit Visual Acuity Measurement in the Wilderness General Therapeutic Approach Acute Periocular Inflammation Periocular Trauma Chemical Injury of the Eye Acute Loss of Vision in a White, Quiet Eye Acute Red Eye Solar Retinopathy Locating a Displaced Contact Lens Improvisation The Eye at Altitude The Eye and Diving Acknowledgment References
Chapter 49 Wilderness Dentistry
Dental Anatomy History and Examination Dental Trauma Orofacial Pain Maxillofacial Infections Exodontia (Tooth Extraction) Local Anesthesia Dental First-Aid Kit Prevention References
Chapter 50 Wilderness Cardiology
Cardiovascular System Response to Specific Wilderness Environments Screening and Preparation for Wilderness Travel Basic Management of Cardiovascular Emergencies in the Wilderness Environment References
Chapter 51 Wilderness Neurology
History and Examination Acute Neurologic Conditions Secondary to Environmental Extremes Basic Management of Neurologic Emergencies Headache Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke Transient Episodes of Impaired Consciousness Epilepsy Syncope and Related Phenomena Meningitis and Encephalitis Peripheral Nervous System Conditions Cranial Nerve Palsies and Vertigo Sleep Management of Chronic Neurologic Conditions IN Austere Settings Parkinson's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Conditions Suggested Readings
Chapter 52 Mental Health in the Wilderness
Mental Health Benefits: Ecotherapy and Wilderness Therapy Role of Wilderness Guide/Medical Provider in Emotional and Behavioral Health Specific Disorders and Symptoms Suicide, Violence Potential, and Anger Management Somatic Complaints Insomnia Response to Crisis, Trauma, and Disasters Children and Adolescents in the Wilderness Looking Toward the Future References
Chapter 53 Chronic Diseases and Wilderness Activities
Considerations for Wilderness Travel Environmental Extremes and Chronic Medical Conditions Chronic Medical Conditions and Wilderness Travel References
Part 8 Rescue and Survival
Chapter 54 Wilderness Emergency Medical Services and Response Systems
Defining Wilderness and Wilderness Medicine Relationship of Emergency Medical Services, Wilderness Medicine, Disaster Medicine, and Tactical Medicine History of Wilderness Emergency Medical Services Wilderness Emergency Medical Services Agencies Wilderness Emergency Medical Services Provider Types, Standardization, and Scope of Practice Medical Oversight Operations Protocols Equipment Specifically Needed IN Wilderness Emergency Medical Services The Future of Wilderness Emergency Medical Services Summary References
Chapter 55 Search and Rescue
Search and Rescue: An Overview Organization of a Search and Rescue Event Search and Rescue Operations Anatomy of a Search and Rescue Incident Search and Rescue Environments within the Wilderness Setting References
Chapter 56 Technical Rescue, Self-Rescue, and Evacuation
Warning Terms Used in Technical Rescue Epidemiology Preventive Decision Making Hazards in Wilderness Travel and Rescue Natural Hazards External Influences on Rescue Attempts Hazards Resulting from Human Factors of Subjects Planning for Rescue Patient Care in Wilderness and Technical Environments Companion Rescue Improvised Searches Planning for Wilderness Medicine Technical Rescue Improvised Methods for Carrying an Ill or Injured Patient Litters and Vacuum Mattresses for Organized Rescue Patient Packaging Use of Aircraft in Mountain Rescue Fixed-Wing Aircraft in Mountain Rescue Helicopter Rescue in the Wilderness Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Canyon Rescue Technical Rescue Resources for Mountain Rescue Technical Rescue Medical Kit Afterword Medication Bag Intravenous Bag Miscellaneous Bag Front and Top Pockets Bandaging Side Pocket Miscellaneous Side Pocket Main Compartment Airway Bag Oxygen Kit† References Further Reading
Chapter 57 Litters and Carries
Size-Up Drags and Carries Litter Improvisation Rescue Litters and Stretchers Desirable Characteristics of a Wilderness Stretcher Stretchers Transportation Hardware Accessories Carrying a Loaded Litter Patient Packaging References
Chapter 58 Helicopter Rescue and Air Medical Transport
Evolution of Air Medical Transport Business and Organizational Models for Air Medical Transport Programs Crew Models in Air Medical Transport Physician Oversight in Air Medical Transport Types of Air Medical Transport Missions Air Transport Aircraft Aviation Logistics and Selection of a Transport Vehicle Aviation Safety Effects of Altitude on Air Medical Transport Medical Care in the in-Flight Setting Communications and Coordination of Air and Ground Medical Resources Patient Populations That May be Suitable for Air Medical Transport Cost-Effectiveness of Air Medical Transport Air Medical Responses in Disaster and Mass Casualty Situations Air Medical Responses for Search and Rescue and Alpine Operations Putting It All Together: Keys to Judicious Use of Air Medical Transport Air Medical Services Internet Resources Acknowledgments References
Chapter 59 Essentials of Wilderness Survival
General Considerations in Survival Oxygen Regulation of Body Temperature Cold Weather Survival Shelter Increasing Body Heat Production Building Fires Food Water Survival in Special Instances, Including Natural Catastrophes Navigation in the Wilderness Backcountry Weather Forecasting Sanitation Psychological and Organizational Aspects of Survival Protection From Wild Animals Summary of Preparations for a Possible Survival Situation Optional Items Mandatory for Avalanche Country Basic Items Other Items Additional Items for Consideration Suggested Readings
Chapter 60 Jungle Travel and Survival
Tropical Environment Trip Preparation Coping with the Jungle Environment Traveling with Children in the Tropics Survival Survival in Hostage Situations References
Chapter 61 Desert Travel and Survival
The Desert Environment Preparation Priorities Travel Suggested Readings
Chapter 62 Whitewater Medicine and Rescue
Historical Perspective Injuries and Deaths From Whitewater Boating Whitewater Paddling Equipment River Hazards Drowning Trauma Whitewater Rescue References
Chapter 63 Caving and Cave Rescue
Environment Personal Safety Cave Navigation Cave Search Basic Evacuation The Caving Expedition Closing Comments References
Part 9 Plants and Mushrooms
Chapter 64 Plant-Induced Dermatitis
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Allergic Contact Dermatitis Contact Urticaria: Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Subtypes Phytophototoxic Contact Dermatitis Phytophotoallergic Contact Dermatitis References
Chapter 65 Toxic Plant Ingestions
General Considerations Central Nervous System Toxins Cardiovascular Toxins Oral and Gastrointestinal Toxins Renal Toxins Hematopoietic Toxins Endocrine and Metabolic Toxins Reproductive Toxins Other Toxins Acknowledgment References
Chapter 66 Toxic Mushroom Ingestions
Nontoxic Mushrooms Types of Mushroom Toxicity Gastrointestinal Toxins Disulfiram-Like Toxins Neurologic Toxins Protoplasmic Poisons Approach to the Patient with Mushroom Poisoning Recommended Field Guides References
Chapter 67 Seasonal and Acute Allergic Reactions
Allergic Rhinitis Urticaria and Angioedema Anaphylaxis Acknowledgment References
Chapter 68 Ethnobotany
Evolution of Phytopharmaceuticals Herbal Preparations for Clinical and Wilderness Use Homeopathic Use of Botanicals Topical Application Use of Herbal Medicine in the Wilderness North American Plant Medicines First-Aid Kit of Natural Products Companies Books Practitioners Herbal Medicines Nutritional Products References
Part 10 Marine Medicine
Chapter 69 Drowning and Submersion Injuries
Classification and Types of Submersion Injuries and Drowning Scenarios Incidence and Epidemiology Risk Factors Pathophysiology Management: the Element of Time Clinical Presentation: a Case History On-Scene Management Emergency Department Treatment of Drowning Patients In-Hospital Treatment of Drowning Prognosis and Termination of Resuscitation Drowning Prevention and Survival References
Chapter 70 Safety and Survival at Sea
How Do People Die in Recreational Boating Accidents? Personal Safety Gear Crew Overboard Emergencies at Sea Health Maintenance at Sea Marine Weather Sea Conditions and Breaking Seas Emergency Communications and Distress Signals Abandon Ship and Life Rafts Automated Merchant Vessel Reporting Program Helicopter Evacuation References
Chapter 71 Diving Medicine
Historical Perspective Types of Diving and Diving Equipment Diving Physics Barotrauma Arterial Gas Embolism Indirect Effects of Pressure Decompression Sickness Long-Term Health Effects of Diving Unusual Conditions of Uncertain Origin Following Dives Medical Fitness for Diving Medications and Diving Diving with Disabilities Flying after Diving Safe SCUBA Diving Dive Accident Investigation References
Chapter 72 Hyperbaric Medicine
History of Hyperbaric Medicine Mechanisms of Hyperbaric Oxygen Types of Hyperbaric Chambers Contraindications to Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Complications of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Practical Aspects of Hyperbaric Treatment Approved Clinical Applications of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Trends in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Research Applications for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Wilderness Medicine References
Chapter 73 Injuries From Nonvenomous Aquatic Animals
Divisions and Definitions In Defense of the Fish General Principles of First Aid Wound Management Bacteriology of the Aquatic Environment Sharks Barracuda Moray Eels Giant Groupers Sea Lions and Seals Needlefish Large Leaping Fish Killer Whales Giant Clams Giant Squid Giant Octopus Giant Manta Ray Mantis Shrimp Piranha Snapping Turtle Triggerfish Sawfishes Stony Corals Electric Fish and Rays References
Chapter 74 Envenomation by Aquatic Invertebrates
Allergic Reactions Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Summary References
Chapter 75 Envenomation by Aquatic Vertebrates
Stingrays Scorpionfish and Similar Venomous Fish Catfish Weeverfish Venomous (Horned) Sharks Surgeonfish Platypus Sea Snakes Summary References
Chapter 76 Aquatic Skin Disorders
Phytoplankton Dermatoses Bacterial Infections Parasites Yeast Dermatoses Related to Diving References
Chapter 77 Seafood Toxidromes
Monitoring Marine Algae That Produce Phytotoxins and Seafood That May Cause Poisoning Sustainable and Safe Seafood Initiatives Ichthyosarcotoxism Specific Toxic Syndromes Related to Seafood Consumption Poisonings Associated with Algal Blooms Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Seafood Parasites in Seafood Other Types of Poisoning Related to Seafood Amebic Infections Diseases Caused by Occupational Exposure to Seafood References
Chapter 78 Seafood Allergies
Epidemiology Biologic Classification of Seafood Immunologic Mechanisms of Seafood Allergies Clinical Manifestations Occupational Seafood Allergies Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Management Aftercare Molecular Biology of Seafood Allergies Cross-Reactivity Future Directions References
Part 11 Travel Medicine and Expeditions
Chapter 79 Travel Medicine
Sources of Information Travel Health Risk Assessment Hazards of Air Travel Immunizations for Travel Malaria Traveler's Diarrhea (see Chapter 82) High-Altitude Illness (see Chapter 2) Radiation From the Sun (see Chapter 16) Motion Sickness Travel Medical Kit Post-Travel Medical Care AND Screening Resources for Travel Medicine Information Acknowledgment References
Chapter 80 Expedition Medicine
Historical Background Expedition Demographics Preexisting Medical Conditions The Expedition Medical Officer Who is Qualified to be the Expedition Medical Officer? Expedition Medical Planning Communications Technology Legal and Ethical Considerations of Expedition Medicine Resources References
Chapter 81 Non–North American Travel and Exotic Diseases
Major Viral Infections Major Bacterial Infections Major Protozoan Infections Other Than Malaria Major Helminthic Infections References
Chapter 82 Infectious Diarrhea from Wilderness and Foreign Travel
General Principles of Enteric Disease Traveler's Diarrhea Bacterial Enteropathogens Intestinal Protozoa References
Part 12 Disaster Medicine and Global Humanitarian Relief
Chapter 83 Natural Disaster Management
Scope of the Problem Health Consequences of Disasters Health and the Medical Response to Natural Disasters Organizational Systems for Disaster Response Core Activities of the Disaster Response and Recovery Phases Professionalization of the Disaster Response Social Media and Mobile Technology in Disasters Responder Self-Care References
Chapter 84 Global Humanitarian Medicine and Disaster Relief
Survey of Key Events and Medical Problems Actors during Events: Their Capabilities, Limitations, and Usual Roles Needs in Humanitarian Crises Identifying Health Care Needs Following a Disaster and Setting Up a Humanitarian Intervention The Aid Worker in the Humanitarian Crisis Evolution of the Humanitarian System Current Challenges, Controversies and Key Future Issues Security, Insecurity, and Power in the Field Humanitarianism and Environmentalism Humanitarian Ethics and Morals Documents Gifts to Bring Your Team Address or Contact List* Gear Electronics First-Aid Kit Toiletries Extras References
Chapter 85 Natural and Human-Made Hazards
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Slow-Onset Versus Rapid-Onset Hazards Assessing Vulnerability and Risk Disaster Mitigation Strategies The Nature of Hazards Geologic Hazards Climatic Hazards Environmental Hazards Acknowledgments and Resources Suggested Readings
Chapter 86 Global Crimes, Incarceration, and Quarantine
Hostile Geopolitical Environments and Political Insecurity Danger by Geography: the World's Most Dangerous Places High-Risk Situations for International Travelers Global Crimes: Patterns and Implications for Travelers Incarceration and Quarantine Safety and Security Strategies for Travelers Traveling and Working in a Conflict Zone: Individual Considerations Summary: Traveling and Working in Politically Insecure Regions References
Part 13 Food and Water
Chapter 87 Nutrition, Malnutrition, and Starvation
Importance of Nutrition in Stressful Environments Nutritional Deprivation: Malnutrition and Starvation Nutrition Planning for Wilderness Activities References
Chapter 88 Field Water Disinfection
Benefits of Water Treatment Risk of Waterborne Disease Transmission Standards for Water Disinfection Disinfection Methods: Definitions Heat Physical Removal Chemical Disinfectants Miscellaneous Disinfectants Comparative Studies and Preferred Techniques Prevention and Sanitation Iodination Chlorination Chlorination-Flocculation Chlorine Dioxide Mixed-Species Disinfection Silver Miscellaneous Products References
Chapter 89 Dehydration and Rehydration
Body Water, Fluid Turnover, and Fluid Requirements Sweat and Sweat Prediction Physiologic Consequences of Dehydration Fluid Replacement (Before, During, After) Acknowledgment and Disclaimer References
Chapter 90 Living Off the Land
Achieving a Balanced Diet Essence of Survival Water Procurement and Preparation Success Stories Wild Animal Foods Wild Plant Foods Cooking Methods Basic Food Preservation References
Part 14 Unique Populations and Considerations
Chapter 91 Children in the Wilderness
What Makes Children Different? General Considerations and Expectations for Children in Wilderness Travel Environmental Illnesses Lost Children and Survival Foreign Travel with Children Special Considerations for Children With Chronic Medical Problems Traveling With Infants and Neonates Pediatric Wilderness Medical Kits Environmental Concerns and Child Health References
Chapter 92 Women in the Wilderness
Gender-Based Research Pre–Wilderness Travel Women's Health Assessment What Makes Women Different? Practical Issues for Women During Wilderness Travel Pregnancy Tests Contraceptive Options During Wilderness Travel Gender and Risk for Venous Thromboembolism: Contraception, Pregnancy, and Beyond Breast Health Urinary Tract Issues Vaginal Discharge or Itching Sexually Transmitted Infections Nonoccupational Postexposure HIV Prophylaxis Personal Safety Sexual Assault Wilderness Travel During Pregnancy Wilderness Health Issues for Women Over 50 Years of Age Acknowledgments References
Chapter 93 Older Adults in the Wilderness
Definition of Older Adult Why and How Some Older Adults Venture Into the Wilderness Classifying “Fitness for Adventure” by Age, Health, and Functional Status Environmental Stresses and Older Adults Travel Medicine and Older Adults Medical Examination for Older Adults Planning Wilderness Travel Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Polypharmacy Conclusion Acknowledgments References
Chapter 94 Persons With Disabilities in the Wilderness
People With Disabilities in the Wilderness Preparation for a Wilderness Adventure Worldwide Wilderness Programs for Persons With Disabilities Prevalence of Disability in the United States A Brief History of Disabilities, Disability Terminology, and Disability Etiquette Barriers That Restrict People With Disabilities Wilderness Legal and Legislative Issues Preparing People With Disabilities for Wilderness Adventures Selected Disabilities With Wilderness Considerations A Selected Emergent Medical Disability Adaptive Sports Assistance Dogs Opportunities for Wilderness Adventures References
Chapter 95 Physiology of Exercise, Conditioning, and Performance Training for Wilderness Adventure
Mental Awareness Physical Conditioning Improving Human Performance Aging and Training High Altitude and Exercise Artificial Training Methods: Blood Transfusion References
Chapter 96 Exercise, Conditioning, and Performance Training
Fitness as a Lifestyle Conditioning Performance and Injury Fitness Myths Performance Enhancement References
Chapter 97 Wilderness and Endurance Events
Types of Events Medical Support for Wilderness and Endurance Events Injuries and Illnesses by Event Type Specific Injuries and Illnesses: Endemic Disease Major Trauma Foot Care Dehydration and Hyponatremia References
Chapter 98 Canyoneering and Canyon Medicine
Canyoneering Canyon Medicine Acknowledgments References
Chapter 99 Cycles, Snowmobiles, and Other Wilderness Conveyances
Mountain Bikes Snowmobiles All-Terrain Vehicles References
Chapter 100 Medical Liability and Wilderness Emergencies
Tort Law and the Doctrine of Negligence Liability Concerns in Wilderness Medicine Duty to Warn and Educate Trip Participants Medical Clearance of Trip Participants Professional Liability, Medical Malpractice, and Good Samaritan Laws Waiver of Liability Duty to Rescue and Abandonment Doctrine Standing Orders and Medical Kits Medical Record Keeping in Wilderness Medicine Medical Liability in Foreign Countries Conclusion References
Chapter 101 Ethics of Wilderness Medicine
Application of Values and Principles to Guide Human Activities Bioethical Decision-Making Process* Ethical Dilemmas in Wilderness Medicine Summary References
Part 15 Wilderness Equipment and Special Knowledge
Chapter 102 Wilderness Preparation, Equipment, and Medical Supplies
Epidemiology Review General Preparation Supplies, Kit Assembly Strategies, and Specialized Equipment Medications Useful in the Wilderness Setting Preparing for Common Medical Problems in the Wilderness A Sample Journey References
Chapter 103 Emergency Oxygen Administration
Indications Contraindications Equipment Special Considerations in Nonbreathing or Inadequately Breathing Patients Hazards Legal Issues References
Chapter 104 Telemedicine in the Wilderness
Evolution of Telemedicine Telemedicine Systems Engineering Modern Telemedicine Telemedicine in the Wild References
Chapter 105 Wilderness and Global Communications and Techniques
Two-Way Local Communication Two-Way Long-Distance Voice Communication Emergency Beacons References
Chapter 106 Wilderness Navigation Techniques
Navigation With the Global Navigation Satellite Systems Compass Navigation Celestial Navigation Celestial Methods for Direction Finding Navigation With a Pocket Radio Orienteering and Geocaching Conclusion References
Chapter 107 Principles of Meteorology and Weather Prediction
General Circulation and Atmospheric Profile Climatic Regions Controlled by Latitude: Tropics, Midlatitudes, and Poles Human Comfort Weather Forecasting How to Interpret Forecasts Forecast Products How to Obtain Surface Observations How to Access and Interpret Weather Satellite and Radar Data Weather Prediction in the Wilderness References
Chapter 108 Ropes and Knot Tying
Ropes, Webbing, and Cordage Terminology Rope Selection Considerations Webbing Accessory Cord Rope for Life Safety Impact Force Life Safety Rope Construction Knots in Software Knots and Software Strength Learning More About Software and Knots
Chapter 109 Ultrasound in the Wilderness
Introduction to Ultrasound Common Clinical Imaging Applications Special Considerations for Ultrasound in Remote Locations References
Chapter 110 Outdoor Clothing for the Wilderness Professional
Fiber and Fabric Layering Accessories Care and Storage of Clothing Special-Use Clothing Sport-Specific Clothing Climate-Specific Clothing Selected Resources
Chapter 111 Nonmedical Backcountry Equipment for Wilderness Professionals
General Concepts for Choosing Equipment Essential Emergency Equipment Navigation Sun Protection Lights Tools First-Aid Kit Fire-Starting Materials Food Water Heat Packs and Heaters Optics Packs Duffels, Stuff Sacks, and Dry Bags Electronics Power Overnight Gear Care of Outdoor Equipment Selected Resources
Chapter 112 Native American Healing
Definitions Assessment and Diagnosis Treatment Contraindications Aftercare Prevention Clinical Example: Back Pain The Challenges of Research References
Part 16 Wilderness Medicine Education and Research
Chapter 113 Wilderness Medicine Education
Principles of Adult Learning Outcomes and Competency-Based Education Assessing Learners' Needs Learning Objectives Assessing Learning Limitations of Training Teaching in Wilderness Medicine Program and Curriculum Development Planning for Continuing Medical Education Professional Organizations and Training Programs in Wilderness Medicine References
Chapter 114 MedWAR
MedWAR Mission Statement The History of MedWAR The MedWAR Model: How It Works Simulations, Scenarios, and Education in MedWAR Conclusion References
Chapter 115 Evidence-Based Wilderness Medicine
What EBM Is and Is Not The Evidence-Based Clinical Practitioner Evidence-Based Medicine: Experts Versus Practitioners Evidence-Based Medicine Resources for Wilderness Medicine Providers Moving Beyond Evidence-Based Medicine: What Is Implementation Science? Conclusion References
Chapter 116 National Park Service Medicine
Mission of the National Park Service History of the National Park Service Organization of the National Park Service Developing Advanced Medical Training for National Park Service Rangers Local Control of Extended Scope of Practice Continuing Education Specialized Support Assets Future Directions References
Chapter 117 Genomics in Wilderness Medicine
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Phenotype Establishing the Genetic Basis of A Trait The Era of Genomics Human Genetic Variation Genome-Wide Association Studies Omics Revolution Technologies for Identifying Genetic Variants and Their Associations With Disease Genetic Responses to Extreme Environments Genetic Influences on Adaptation to Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation Genetic Influences on Exertion in the Wilderness Genetics in Diagnostic Tests, Treatments, and Preventive Measures Moving Forward References
Part 17 The Wilderness
Chapter 118 Wilderness Management and Preservation
Historical Development of the Wilderness Concept Wilderness Legislation and Policy in the United States Wilderness Stewardship Philosophy Potential Threats to Wilderness Wilderness Management Agencies in the United States Distribution of Wilderness in the United States Wilderness Values and Public Perceptions Wilderness Visitors Distribution of Wilderness Visitor Use Wilderness Management Principles Wilderness Preservation as a National and International Movement References
Chapter 119 The Changing Environment
Issues of Environmental Change Impacts of Environmental Change on Wilderness Areas Consequences of Environmental Change What Might Be Done About Limiting Environmental Change? References
Chapter 120 Biodiversity and Human Health
Understanding the Etiology of the Biodiversity Crisis Threatened Ecosystems Species Decline Loss of Genetic Diversity Invasive Species Public Health Concerns Case Study Conclusion References
Chapter 121 Health Implications of Environmental Change
Climate Change Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health Health Effects Mediated Through Natural Systems Climate Change as A Threat Multiplier Atmospheric Aerosol Loading Chemical Pollution References
Chapter 122 Sustainability
Sustainability in the Wilderness Energy Sustainable Living Hydraulic Fracturing The Challenge Selected Resources References
Chapter 123 Brief Introduction to Oceanography
Ocean Statistics Brief Appreciation of the Ocean's History and Modern Ocean Tools Water Characteristics Ocean Structure Ocean Circulation Ocean Movement: Waves, Tides, and Tsunamis Conditions for Oceanic Life Marine Primary Productivity Important Planktonic Autotrophs Harmful Algal Blooms Biogeochemical Cycles Marine Environmental Issues
Chapter 124 Brief Introduction to Forestry
Definitions Types of Forests Importance of Forests to People Human Interaction With Forests Hazards to People in Forests References
Chapter 125 Brief Introduction to Earth Sciences
Earth's Origin Earth's Interior Structure Earth's Composition The Brittle, Restless Crust: Plate Tectonics Dynamics of Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks Present-Day Geology as a Key to Understanding the Past The Grand Canyon: an Example of Earth Science at Work Selected Resources
Chapter 126 Space Medicine
The Spaceflight Environment Mission Considerations Physiologic Concerns of Spaceflight Onboard Medical Capability Summary and Future Considerations Acknowledgments References
Appendix Drug Stability in the Wilderness
Environmental Factors Influencing Drug Stability Expiration Dates and Shelf Life Packaging Sterility Storage Drugs for A Basic Field Kit How to Read the Drug List Drug List References
Index
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