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Index
Dedication
Chapter Reviewers
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Birds in the Neotropical Region
References
Chapter 2: A Review of the Systematics of Neotropical Owls (Strigiformes)
References
Chapter 3: The Owls of Argentina
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Taxonomic Diversity
3.3 Distribution and Habitat Associations
3.4 Conservation Status at the National Level and Conservation Strategies
3.5 Threats
3.6 The Biological and Ecological State of Knowledge
3.7 Final Comments
Appendix 3.1
References
Chapter 4: The Owls of Belize
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taxonomy Diversity
4.3 Distribution and Habitat Association
4.4 Vegetation Types
4.4.1 Lowland Broadleaf Forest (<500 m amsl; 1,044,000 ha)
4.4.2 Submontane Broadleaf Forest (>500 m amsl; 223,000 ha)
4.4.3 Lowland Savanna (194,000 ha)
4.4.4 Lowland Pine Forest (<500 m amsl; 28,000 ha)
4.4.5 Submontane Pine Forest (>500 m amsl; 47,000 ha)
4.4.6 Mangrove and Littoral Forests (80,000 ha)
4.4.7 Disturbed Rural Landscapes (456,000 ha)
4.4.8 Urban and Suburban Landscapes (21,000 ha)
4.5 Owl Conservation
4.6 Threats
4.7 Conservation Strategies
4.8 Species Accounts
4.9 Conclusions
Appendix 4.1
References
Chapter 5: The Owls of Bolivia
5.1 Diversity
5.2 Distribution
5.3 Conservation Status
5.4 Major Threats
5.5 Conservation Strategies
5.6 Status of Biological and Ecological Knowledge
5.7 Conclusions
Appendix 5.1
Appendix 5.2
References
Chapter 6: The Owls of Brazil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Taxonomic Diversity
6.3 Distribution and Biome Association
6.4 Endangered Species
6.5 Threats
6.5.1 Habitat Destruction
6.5.2 Illegal Animal Trade
6.5.3 Road Mortality and Other Accidents
6.5.4 Myths and Superstitions
6.5.5 Pesticides
6.5.6 Species Benefited by Habitat Disturbance
6.6 Conservation Strategies
6.7 Status of Biological and Ecological Knowledge
6.7.1 Food Habits and Trophic Ecology
6.7.2 Reproductive Biology
6.7.3 Behavioral Studies
6.7.4 Morphology, Anatomy, Histology, Genetics, and Physiology
6.7.5 Parasitology
6.7.6 Macroecology
6.7.7 Population and Habitat use
6.8 Conclusions
Appendix 6.1
Appendix 6.2
References
Chapter 7: The Owls of Chile
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methods
7.2.1 Topics
7.2.2 Review of Literature
7.2.3 Special Treatments
7.2.4 Bioclimatic Zones
7.2.5 Presentation of Information
7.2.6 Conceptual Clarifications
7.2.6.1 Natural History and Ecology
7.2.6.2 Chromatic Variations
7.2.6.3 Habitat and Habitat Types
7.2.6.4 Behaviour
7.2.6.5 Hunting and Flight Modes
7.2.6.6 Owl Personality
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Taxonomy
7.3.2 Morphology and Morphometrics
7.3.2.1 Body Size and Geographical Variations
7.3.3 Sexual Dimorphism
7.3.4 Chromatic Variations
7.3.5 Distribution and Residence
7.3.5.1 Mainland Distribution
7.3.5.2 Insular Distribution
7.3.5.3 Bioclimatic Distribution
7.3.6 Geographical Diversity
7.3.7 Abundance
7.3.7.1 Perceived Abundance
7.3.7.2 Temporal Fluctuations
7.3.7.3 Local Abundance Relative to Habitat
7.3.8 Habitat
7.3.8.1 Habitat Types
7.3.8.2 Habitat Use
7.3.9 Reproduction
7.3.9.1 Reproductive Phenology
7.3.9.2 Nest
7.3.9.3 Eggs and Clutch Size
7.3.9.4 Productivity and Chick Growth
7.3.9.5 Breeding Behaviour and Nestling Diet
7.3.10 Longevity
7.3.11 Behaviour
7.3.11.1 Individual Character and Social Behaviour
7.3.11.2 Circadian Activity
7.3.11.3 Vocal Behaviour
7.3.11.4 Hunting Techniques
7.3.11.5 Aggressive and Territorial Interactions
7.3.12 Movements
7.3.12.1 Foraging Movements
7.3.12.2 Home Range
7.3.12.3 Migration and Residence
7.3.13 Feeding and Trophic Ecology
7.3.13.1 Diet Profile
7.3.13.2 Trophic Specialization
7.3.13.3 Latitudinal Trends in Diet
7.3.13.4 Prey Selection
7.3.13.5 Prey Vulnerability
7.3.13.6 Relationship Between Body Size of Owls and Dietary Diversity
7.3.13.7 Relationship Between Body Size of Owls and Their Prey
7.3.13.8 Demographic Characteristics of Prey
7.3.13.9 Temporal and Spatial Segregation in the Use of Prey Resource
7.3.13.10 Response to Temporal Changes in Prey Abundance
7.3.13.11 Response to Introduced Prey
7.3.13.12 Carrion Consumption
7.3.14 Population Ecology
7.3.15 Community Ecology
7.3.15.1 Food Niche and Trophic Guild Structure
7.3.15.2 Intraguild Predation
7.3.16 Functional Ecology
7.3.16.1 Ecological Redundancy
7.3.16.2 Links Within Food Web Structure
7.3.17 Spatial Ecology
7.3.17.1 Detectability and Occupancy
7.3.17.2 Occurrence Patterns and Niche Relationships
7.3.18 Ecophysiology
7.3.19 Genetics
7.3.20 Biological Conservation
7.3.20.1 Population Status
7.3.20.2 Threats
7.3.20.3 Conservation Priorities
7.3.20.4 Ecosystem Services
7.3.20.5 Bioindication
7.3.20.6 Human Perception
7.3.20.7 Legislation and Protection
7.3.20.8 Rehabilitation
7.3.20.9 Education and Outreach
7.3.20.10 Management and Habitat Restoration
7.3.21 Complementary Information
7.3.21.1 Parasites
7.3.21.2 Taphonomic Usefulness
7.4 Conclusions
Appendix 7.1
Appendix 7.2 Overview of Some Methods Used in Ecological and Behavioural Studies of the Chilean Owls
Diet Analysis
Evaluating Presence by Acoustical Detection
Evaluating Behaviour by Using Visual Recording
Owl Tracking by Telemetry
References
Chapter 8: The Owls of Costa Rica
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Taxonomic Diversity
8.3 Distribution
8.4 Conservation Status
8.5 Conservation Strategies
8.5.1 Protected Wild Areas
8.5.2 Important Bird Areas (IBA)
8.6 Threats
8.7 Ecological and Biological Knowledge Status
8.8 Conclusions
Appendix 8.1
References
Chapter 9: The Owls of Colombia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 State and National Conservation
9.3 Species in Colombia
Appendix 9.1
References
Chapter 10: The Owls of Ecuador
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Taxonomic Diversity
10.3 Distribution
10.4 Conservation Status
10.5 Threats
10.6 Conservation Actions
10.6.1 Protected Areas
10.6.2 Red Data Book
10.7 Current Knowledge
10.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: The Owls of El Salvador
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Area Description
11.3 Taxonomy
11.4 Habitat Distribution
11.5 Owl Biology and Ecology in El Salvador
11.6 Conservation Status in El Salvador
11.7 Threats for Owl Conservation in the Country
11.8 Conservation Strategies
11.9 Expected Owl Species in the Country
11.10 Owl Observations During 2016
11.11 Conclusions
Appendix 11.1
Appendix 11.2
References
Chapter 12: The Owls of French Guiana
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Species Accounts
12.3 Conclusion
Appendix 12.1 Surfaces of the national park (Parc Amazonien de Guyane) and seven nature reserves (Réserves Naturelles, RN) in French Guiana
References
Chapter 13: The Owls of Guatemala
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area and Methods
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 Data Source
13.2.3 Estimation and Classification of Relative Abundance
13.2.4 Taxonomy and Nomenclature
13.3 Results
13.3.1 Owl Diversity
13.3.2 Spatial Distribution
13.3.3 Temporal Distribution
13.3.4 Habitat Associations
13.3.5 Relative Abundance
13.3.6 Species Accounts
13.4 Vulnerability on a National Level
13.4.1 Classification of Vulnerability
13.4.2 Habitat Alteration
13.4.3 Direct Persecution and Disturbance on Roost and Nest Sites
13.5 Conservation Strategies
13.5.1 Protected Areas
13.5.2 Important Bird Areas
13.5.3 International Conventions
13.5.4 Education
13.5.5 Alternative Land Use
13.6 Conclusions and Priorities for Future Research
Appendix 13.1
Appendix 13.2
References
Chapter 14: The Owls of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Taxonomic Diversity
14.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: The Owls of Mexico
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Climate
15.4 Environmental Diversity (Types of Vegetation)
15.5 Taxonomic Diversity and Distribution
15.6 Habitat Association
15.7 State of Conservation at a National Level
15.8 Threats
15.9 Conservation Strategies
15.10 State of Biological and Ecological Knowledge
15.11 Conclusions
Appendix 15.1
References
Chapter 16: The Owls of Nicaragua
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Taxonomic Diversity
16.3 Distribution and Habitat Association
16.4 National Conservation and Conservation Strategies
References
Chapter 17: The Owls of Panama
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology
17.2.1 Collection of Secondary Information Obtained from
17.2.2 Drafting of the Distribution Polygons
17.3 Taxonomy Diversity
17.4 Distribution and Habitat Associations
17.5 Conservation Status at a National Level
17.6 Threats
17.7 Conservation Strategies
17.7.1 Protected Areas
17.8 Future Conservation Strategy
17.9 Status of the Biological and Ecological Knowledge
17.10 Conclusions
Appendix 17.1
Appendix 17.2
References
Chapter 18: The Owls of Paraguay
18.1 Introduction
18.2 A Short History of Paraguayan Ornithology
18.3 Conservation
18.4 Local Attitudes to Owls
18.5 Threats
References
Chapter 19: The Owls of Suriname
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Taxonomy Diversity
19.3 Distribution and Habitat Association
19.3.1 Estuarine Zone
19.3.2 Rest of Coastal Plain
19.3.3 Northern Savanna Area
19.3.4 Southern Savanna Area
19.3.5 Lowland Forest
19.3.6 Highland Forest
19.4 Vegetation Types
19.5 Owl Species Distribution
19.6 Owl Conservation
19.7 Conclusions
Appendix 19.1
References
Chapter 20: The Owls of Uruguay
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diversity of Birds and Biotopes
20.2.1 Park and Spinal Forests
20.2.2 Riparian Forest
20.2.3 Meadows
20.2.4 Jelly Palm (Butia capitata)
20.2.5 Hill Forests
20.2.6 Humid Ravine Forests
20.2.7 Seashore and Estuaries
20.2.8 Sea and Islands
20.2.9 Marshland
20.2.10 Man-Made Environments
20.3 Owl Distribution
20.4 National-Level Conservation Status
20.5 Important Threats
20.6 Owl Conservation Strategies
20.6.1 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MVOTMA)
20.6.2 National Directorate for the Environment
20.6.3 Vida Silvestre Uruguay (VSU)
20.6.4 Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture, and Fisheries (MGAP)
20.6.5 Directorate of Renewable Natural Resources (RENARE)
20.6.6 Program for the Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Wetlands in East Uruguay (PROBIDES 2008)
20.6.7 Aves Uruguay (GUPECA)
20.6.8 Averaves
20.7 Status of Biological and Ecological Knowledge on Owl Species
20.8 Conclusions
References
Index
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