Tumors in Domestic Animals by Meuten, Donald J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Table of Contents List of Contributors Preface 1 An Overview of Molecular Cancer Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Diagnosis

Fundamentals of cancer biology The hallmarks of malignancy References Veterinary cancer incidence and molecular approaches to diagnosis and prognosis References

2 Trimming Tumors for Diagnosis and Prognosis

Specimen sizing Orientation of trimmed specimens Margin evaluation Skin tumors Canine soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumors Digital amputations Limb amputations Ears Eyelids Intraocular tumors Hemimandibulectomies/maxillectomies Gastrointestinal tumors Tumors of parenchymal organs Tumors of lobar parenchymal organs Lymph nodes References

3 Immunohistochemistry

Introduction References The immunohistochemical test References Antigen retrieval References Antigens and antibodies References Detection methods References Storage and handling of reagents References Controls in immunohistochemistry References Standardization (optimization) and validation of a new IHC test References Immunohistochemical report and interpretation References Troubleshooting the IHC test References Approach to the immunohistochemical characterization of tumors Biomarkers in diagnostic immunohistochemistry of neoplasms References Cancer of unknown primary site References The future of immunohistochemistry in veterinary oncology References

4 Epithelial and Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin

General references EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS WITHOUT SQUAMOUS AND ADNEXAL DIFFERENTIATION Basal cell neoplasms (Table 4.1) References NEOPLASMS OF THE EPIDERMIS Papilloma (cutaneous papillomatosis) References References Squamous cell carcinoma References Basosquamous carcinoma NEOPLASMS WITH ADNEXAL DIFFERENTIATION Follicular neoplasms Reference Sebaceous and modified sebaceous gland neoplasms Hepatoid gland neoplasms Apocrine and modified apocrine gland neoplasms Anal sac gland neoplasms References Eccrine adenoma and carcinoma Clear cell adnexal carcinoma References Merkel cell tumor Reference MELANOCYTIC NEOPLASMS Melanocytoma Melanoacanthoma References NAILBED (SUBUNGUAL) NEOPLASMS Subungual malignant melanoma References Subungual keratoacanthoma (nailbed keratoacanthoma) Subungual squamous cell carcinoma References HAMARTOMAS Epidermal hamartoma Follicular hamartoma Apocrine hamartoma Fibroadnexal hamartoma (adnexal nevus, focal adnexal dysplasia, folliculosebaceous hamartoma) CYSTS Infundibular cyst (epidermoid cyst, epidermal cyst, epidermal inclusion cyst) Isthmus cyst Dilated pore Panfollicular (trichoepitheliomatous) cyst Dermoid cyst (dermoid sinus) Sebaceous duct cyst Subungual epithelial inclusion cyst Apocrine cyst(s) (apocrine cystomatosis) Ceruminous cysts Ciliated cyst TUMOR‐LIKE LESIONS Seborrheic keratosis Reference Squamous papilloma Pressure point comedones Cutaneous horn Sebaceous hyperplasia (senile nodular sebaceous hyperplasia) Fibroepithelial “polyp” (cutaneous tag, skin tag, acrochordon) NEOPLASMS COMMONLY METASTATIC TO THE SKIN Feline pulmonary carcinoma with digital metastases Mammary carcinoma Prostatic carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and colonic carcinoma References

5 Mesenchymal Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissues

References Fibroma Keloidal fibroma/fibrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Injection‐site sarcomas Canine maxillary well‐differentiated fibrosarcoma References Equine sarcoid Feline sarcoid (feline fibropapilloma) References Pleomorphic sarcoma (anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells, malignant fibrous histiocytoma) References Myxoma and myxosarcoma Tumor‐like lesions References Canine hemangiopericytoma (myopericytoma, perivascular wall tumor) Peripheral nerve sheath tumor (nerve sheath tumor) Leiomyoma (piloleiomyoma and angioleiomyoma) References Lipoma Liposarcoma References Hemangioma Hemangiosarcoma Lymphangioma and lymphangiosarcoma Angiomatosis Canine cutaneous histiocytoma Reactive histiocytosis Histiocytic sarcoma complex Xanthoma References Plasma cell tumor (plasmacytoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma) Lymphoma Canine transmissible venereal tumor

6 Mast Cell Tumors

General considerations Canine mast cell tumors References Feline mast cell tumors References Mast cell tumors in other species References

7 Tumors of the Hemolymphatic System

INTRODUCTION LYMPHOID TUMORS Biological implications of tumor classification Types of lymphoma by species Molecular considerations References Precursor B‐cell neoplasms References Mature peripheral B‐cell neoplasms References References Myeloma References Marginal zone lymphoma References Mantle cell lymphoma References Follicular lymphoma Burkitt’s type lymphoma Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma References T‐cell‐rich large B‐cell lymphoma Angiocentric B‐cell lymphoma with reactive T cells (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) References T‐CELL LYMPHOMAS Precursor T‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma References T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma and large granular lymphocyte types References T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia References T‐cell granular lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma References Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma not otherwise specified References T‐zone lymphoma References Intestinal T‐cell lymphoma References References Intravascular large T‐cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma, aggressive NK‐cell leukemia/lymphoma Aggressive NK‐cell leukemia and blastic lymphoma References Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma References Anaplastic large cell lymphoma References MYELOID NEOPLASMS Diagnostic steps Categories of myeloid neoplasms Myelofibrosis Summary References THYMOMA Paraneoplastic syndromes Pathology References TUMORS OF THE SPLEEN Vascular tumors References Mesenchymal tumors References

8 Canine and Feline Histiocytic Diseases

Histiocytic differentiation and canine histiocytic diseases Immunophenotyping in hematopoietic neoplasia CANINE HISTIOCYTIC DISEASES FELINE HISTIOCYTIC DISEASES References

9 Tumors of Joints

Introduction References MALIGNANT TUMORS Does synovial cell sarcoma exist in animals? Synovial cell sarcoma References Histiocytic sarcoma References Other sarcomas References BENIGN TUMORS Synovial myxoma Synovial hemangioma Periarticular fibroma Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath References NON‐NEOPLASTIC LESIONS Synovial chondromatosis References Synovial cysts References Vascular hamartoma References Synovial pad proliferation References Calcinosis circumscripta References

10 Tumors of Bone

General considerations References BENIGN TUMORS OF BONES Osteoma, ossifying fibroma, and fibrous dysplasia References Osteochondroma Feline osteochondromatosis Chondroma Hemangioma of bone Non‐ossifying fibroma References MALIGNANT TUMORS OF BONES General considerations References Osteosarcoma References Chondrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Hemangiosarcoma References Giant cell tumor of bone Liposarcoma Multiple myeloma Malignant lymphoma of bone References SECONDARY TUMORS OF BONES Metastatic bone disease Invasive tumors of bones References TUMOR‐LIKE LESIONS OF BONES Exuberant fracture callus Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Cysts References

11 Tumors of Muscle

TUMORS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE General considerations References References Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal system References Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma) of the gall bladder Smooth muscle tumors of the urinary system References Smooth muscle tumors of the genitalia Multicentric leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas of the female genital tract References Smooth muscle tumors of the skin and subcutis Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma of the spleen and liver Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma) of the respiratory tract Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas at other sites References TUMORS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE General considerations Classification and general histological features References Clinicopathologic features Special diagnostic procedures Ultrastructural features of tumors of skeletal muscle Immunohistochemistry of tumors of skeletal muscle References Rhabdomyoma Laryngeal rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma References Rhabdomyosarcoma Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma References References Non‐myogenic tumors of skeletal muscle References TUMORS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE Cardiac rhabdomyoma Cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma Cardiac hemangiosarcoma Cardiac lymphoma Cardiac angioleiomyoma in cattle Tumor‐like cardiac lesions References DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF TUMORS OF MUSCLE

12 Tumors of the Respiratory Tract

NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS OF THE DOG NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS IN OTHER SPECIES Cat Horse Sheep and goats NASAL AND NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS Nasopharyngeal and middle ear polyps in cats TUMORS OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA Larynx Trachea References TUMORS OF THE LUNG Epithelial tumors Molecular lesions associated with pulmonary neoplasia in domestic animals Feline pulmonary adenocarcinoma Retroviral pulmonary tumors of sheep: ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma Mesenchymal tumors primary to lung References

13 Tumors of the Alimentary Tract

INTRODUCTION ORAL TUMORS References Epithelial neoplasia of the oral cavity References Mesenchymal tumors of the oral cavity References Melanocytic neoplasms References Non‐neoplastic oral tumors References Tumors of the tongue References Tumors of the tonsils References Odontogenic tumors and cysts Non‐neoplastic tumors References Tumors of the salivary glands References TUMORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS Epithelial tumors Mesenchymal tumors Non‐neoplastic tumors References Tumors of the bovine forestomachs Tumors of the ovine forestomachs References TUMORS OF THE STOMACH References Epithelial tumors References Mesenchymal tumors References Non‐neoplastic tumors References TUMORS OF THE INTESTINE References Epithelial tumors References Mesenchymal tumors References References References Non‐neoplastic intestinal tumors References TUMORS OF THE RECTUM Epithelial tumors of the canine rectum Other tumors of the canine rectum Rectal tumors in other species References TUMORS OF THE PERITONEUM AND RETROPERITONEUM Mesothelioma Retroperitoneal neoplasms Non‐neoplastic tumors of the peritoneum References TUMORS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS Epithelial tumors Other pancreatic neoplasms Non‐neoplastic tumors References

14 Tumors of the Liver and Gallbladder

EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS OF THE LIVER Nodular hyperplasia Regenerative nodules Hepatocellular adenoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma Hepatoblastoma References BILIARY NEOPLASMS Cholangiocellular adenoma (biliary adenoma) Cholangiocellular carcinoma (biliary carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma) References Adenomas and carcinomas of the gallbladder Cystic mucinous hyperplasia of the gallbladder References Hepatic carcinoids References MESENCHYMAL TUMORS OF THE LIVER Hemangiosarcoma Sarcomas and other mesenchymal tumors Hepatic myelolipoma References METASTATIC NEOPLASIA References

15 Tumors of the Urinary System

RENAL TUMORS Epithelial tumors References Nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cell tumors Embryonal tumors References Mesenchymal tumors References Etiology References Metastatic tumors Tumor‐like lesions References TUMORS OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER TUMORS OF THE URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA References Epithelial tumors Transitional cell carcinoma – urothelial carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Undifferentiated carcinoma References Etiology References Mesenchymal tumors References Tumor‐like lesions Urethral tumors References

16 Tumors of the Genital Systems

INTRODUCTION AND EMBRYOLOGY TUMORS OF THE OVARY Introduction Epithelial tumors Sex cord stromal tumors Germ cell tumors Other tumors Cysts Vascular hamartoma Ovarian hematoma Ovarian choristoma References TUMORS OF THE UTERINE TUBE (OVIDUCT) AND UTERUS Epithelial tumors Mesenchymal tumors Hyperplastic and tumor‐like lesions of the uterus Miscellaneous uterine cysts References TUMORS OF THE CERVIX, VAGINA, AND VULVA Epithelial tumors Mesenchymal tumors Tumor‐like lesions of the vagina and vulva References TUMORS OF THE TESTICLE Introduction Sex cord stromal tumors Germ cell tumors Mixed tumors of the testicle Other tumors of the testicle Tumor‐like lesions of the tissues adjacent to the testicle References TUMORS OF THE SPERMATIC CORD, EPIDIDYMIS, AND ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS Tumors of the spermatic cord and epididymis Tumors and tumor‐like lesions of the prostate TUMORS OF THE MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA Epithelial tumors Mesenchymal tumors Other tumors References

17 Tumors of the Mammary Gland

Epidemiology Clinical presentation References Normal anatomy, histology, and immunohistochemistry References Hormones and growth factors References CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMARY TUMORS Molecular classification of canine and feline mammary carcinomas References Grading of canine mammary tumors References CLASSIFICATION OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS Hyperplasia/dysplasia Benign mammary neoplasms Complex adenoma (adenomyoepithelioma) Benign mixed tumor Malignant epithelial neoplasms Malignant epithelial neoplasms – special types Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms (sarcomas) Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mammary tumor) Neoplasms of the nipple References FELINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS Grading of feline mammary tumors References CLASSIFICATION OF FELINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS Hyperplasia and dysplasia Benign neoplasms Malignant epithelial neoplasms Malignant epithelial neoplasms – special types Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms References GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PROGNOSTIC FACTORS Canine prognostic factors Feline prognostic factors References SPONTANEOUS MAMMARY TUMORS OF OTHER SPECIES References

18 Tumors of the Endocrine Glands

TUMORS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Functional corticotroph (chromophobe) adenoma in pars distalis Nonfunctional chromophobe adenoma in pars distalis Adenoma of the pars intermedia Acidophil adenoma of pars distalis Pituitary chromophobe carcinoma Craniopharyngioma (intracranial germ cell tumor) Basophil adenoma of pars distalis Metastatic tumors to the pituitary gland References TUMORS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND Tumors of the adrenal cortex: adenoma, carcinoma, myelolipoma Ectopic adrenal cortex References Tumors of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma References TUMORS, HYPERPLASIA, AND CYSTS OF THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS Tumors of thyroid follicular cells: adenoma, carcinoma Transgenic animal models of thyroid carcinogenesis Thyroid carcinogenesis and radiation Hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells: hyperplastic, colloid, nodular, and congenital goiter Tumors of thyroglossal duct remnants References Tumors of thyroid C cells (parafollicular cells; ultimobranchial derivatives): adenoma, carcinoma References TUMORS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND Chief cell adenoma and carcinoma Non‐neoplastic parathyroid cysts (Kürsteiner’s cysts) References CANCER‐ASSOCIATED HYPERCALCEMIA Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (pseudohyperparathyroidism) References TUMORS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS Beta cell (insulin‐secreting) tumors: islet cell adenoma (insulinoma), carcinoma (malignant insulinoma) Non–beta cell tumors of the pancreatic islets Gastrin cell (gastrin‐secreting) tumors: islet cell adenoma (gastrinoma) and carcinoma (malignant gastrinoma) Alpha cell (glucagon‐producing) islet cell adenoma (glucagonoma) Delta cell (somatostatin‐producing) islet cell adenoma (somatostatinoma) Pancreatic polypeptide‐secreting islet cell carcinoma References TUMORS OF THE CHEMORECEPTOR ORGANS Aortic and carotid body: adenoma (chemodectoma), carcinoma (malignant chemodectoma) Extra‐adrenal paraganglioma References

19 Tumors of the Nervous System

INTRODUCTION General considerations References PRIMARY TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Astrocytoma Other nonclassified glial neoplasms References Oligodendroglioma References Oligoastrocytoma (mixed glioma) References Ependymal tumors References Choroid plexus tumors References Neuronal and mixed neuronal–glial tumors References References References Embryonal tumors: primitive neuroectodermal tumors References Ectopic nephroblastoma of the canine thoracolumbar spinal cord References Meningiomas References Meningioangiomatosis References Granular cell tumor References Lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis References Intravascular lymphoma References Histiocytic sarcoma of the CNS References Suprasellar germ cell tumors References References Tumors of the cranial and paraspinal peripheral nerves References METASTATIC (SECONDARY) TUMORS OF THE CNS References

20 Tumors of the Eye

TUMORS OF THE OCULAR SURFACE TISSUES Tumors of meibomian gland origin Conjunctival melanoma Bovine squamous cell carcinoma Equine squamous cell carcinoma Canine and feline squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs and cats Feline conjunctival surface adenocarcinoma (mucoepidermoid carcinoma) Hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma of all species Conjunctival lipogranuloma of cats Papillary conjunctival tumors of dogs The histiocytic proliferative disorders of the lids, conjunctiva, and globes of dogs References TUMORS OF THE GLOBE Canine ocular melanoma Feline diffuse iris melanoma Equine melanocytic tumors Iridociliary epithelial tumors in dogs and cats Canine uveal schwannoma in blue‐eyed dogs Primitive neuroectodermal tumors and medulloepithelioma of dogs, cats, and horses Feline post‐traumatic sarcoma, three variants: spindle cell, lymphoma, osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma Lymphoma Metastatic ocular neoplasia References TUMORS OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND ORBIT Orbital meningioma of dogs Glioma/astrocytoma of the optic nerve or retina Feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma Canine lobular orbital adenoma Canine orbital hibernoma Canine orbital rhabdomyosarcoma Other orbital mass lesions of dogs and cats References

21 Tumors of the Ear

General considerations INTERNAL EAR Tumors References MIDDLE EAR Epithelial tumors References Guttural pouch References Non‐epithelial tumors References Aural inflammatory polyps References Tympanokeratomas (cholesteatomas) Cholesterol granulomas References Mucoperiosteal exostoses (otolithiasis) References EXTERNAL EAR Epithelial tumors References Ceruminous gland tumors Squamous cell carcinomas Carcinomas of undetermined origin References Aural melanomas Spindle cell tumors Cartilage tumors Round cell tumors Hemangiosarcomas References Temporal odontomata (dentigerous cyst) Auricular chondritis Auricular chondrosis Ceruminous cystomatosis References

Appendix: Diagnostic Schemes and Algorithms

Introduction Mitotic count References Canine melanomas and melanocytic neoplasms References Histologic grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors References Prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors References Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumors References Cytologic grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors References Feline cutaneous mast cell tumors References Evaluation of regional lymph node metastasis in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors References Canine oral perioral mast cell tumors References Canine soft tissue mesenchymal tumor (sarcoma) References Canine soft tissue mesenchymal tumor: Future? References Joint tumors in dogs References Lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia prognoses References Enlarged lymph node evaluation in dogs Bone marrow evaluation PARR (PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement) References Canine and feline nasal tumors Reference References Scoring system and prognosis for canine lung tumors References Histologic grading and prognosis for feline lung tumors References Mammary Urothelial (transitional) cell carcinoma (UC) Summary References Skin masses Canine breed predispositions for epidermal and melanocytic tumors

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