Religion and Psychiatry · Beyond Boundaries by Cox, John, L. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title page Title page Copyright page List of Contributors Foreword Preface

Crossing Boundaries Four Great Streams of Religions A Long and Tense History References

General Introduction: Religion and Science

I.1 Psychiatry and Religion I.2 No Apologetics I.3 Overview I.4 Relation Between Science and Religion I.5 Refinements I.6 Crossing Boundaries References

Part 1: Prolegomena (First Issues): History, Philosophy, Science and Culture

Introduction Chapter 1.1: Evil in Historical Perspective: At the Intersection of Religion and Psychiatry

1.1.1 Introductory Remarks 1.1.2 Evil as Viewed by Men of Religion in Antiquity 1.1.3 Early Philosophers 1.1.4 Commentary on Evil in the 1St Millenium of the Common Era 1.1.5 Arabic Philosophers in the Time of the First Millennium 1.1.6 Religious Philosophers of the Medieval Period 1.1.7 Theologians and Philosophers of the Renaissance and Enlightenment 1.1.8 Modern Conceptions of Evil. The Influence of Psychiatry & Neuroscience References

Chapter 1.2: Linguistic Analysis and Values-Based Practice: One Way of Getting Started with Some Kinds of Philosophical Problems at the Interface Between Psychiatry and Religion

1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Linguistic Analysis and Philosophical Problems at the Interface Between Psychiatry and Religion 1.2.3 Values-Based Practice and Conceptual Problems at the Interface Between Psychiatry and Religion 1.2.4 Caveats: Other Ways of Doing More Than Just Getting Started With Further Kinds of Philosophical Problems at the Interface Between Psychiatry and Religion 1.2.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Guide to Further Reading

Chapter 1.3: Science and Transcendence in Psychopathology; Lessons from Existentialism

1.3.1 Science and Humanism 1.3.2 Transcendence 1.3.3 Human Beings, the World and the Nothingness 1.3.4 Death Anxiety References

Chapter 1.4: Psychiatry of the Whole Person – Contribution of Spirituality in form of Mystic (Sufi) Thinking

1.4.1 the Whole Person (Beyond Bio-Psycho-social) 1.4.2 What is Spirituality? 1.4.3 Some Historical Observations on Different Domains of the Spiritual Experience 1.4.4 Worldview in Middle Eastern Thought 1.4.5 Holism and Reductionism in Modern Philosophy and Science. A Comparison With Mystic Thoughts [32] 1.4.6 Conclusion and Some Lessons for the Future References

Part 2: Main Issues: The Interface Between Psychiatry, Mental Health and Major Religious Traditions

Introduction Chapter 2.1: Judaism and Psychiatry

2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 The Bible 2.1.3 Traditional Judaism 2.1.4 Freud 2.1.5 Agnon, Judaism and Insanity 2.1.6 Conclusions References For Further Reading

Chapter 2.2: Christianity and Psychiatry

2.2.1 The Christian Worldview 2.2.2 Mental Health 2.2.3 Mental Illness 2.2.4 Treatment 2.2.5 Sources of Tension 2.2.6 Opportunities for Constructive Engagement 2.2.7 Diagnosis 2.2.8 Treatment Approaches 2.2.9 Delivery of Care 2.2.10 Future Directions References

Chapter 2.3: Religion and Mental Health in Islam

2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Ancient Egypt 2.3.3 Mental Health in Islam 2.3.4 Some Islamic Scholars and Mental Health 2.3.5 The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 2.3.6 Rights of Women: Qur’Anic Ideals Versus Muslim Practice 2.3.7 Religion and Poverty 2.3.8 Islamic Culture and Mental Health 2.3.9 Religion, Spirituality and Mental Health 2.3.10 The Concept of Mental Illness in Islamic Societies 2.3.11 Conclusion References

Chapter 2.4: Psychiatry and African Religion

2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Pre-Colonial Era – Pre 1850 2.4.3 The Colonial Era – 1850–1960 2.4.4 Post Colonial Era 2.4.5 Common Themes 2.4.6 Contemporary African Politics, Religion and Culture 2.4.7 Self Esteem References

Chapter 2.5: Hinduism and Mental Health

2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Hinduism as A Religion 2.5.3 Concept of Mental Health 2.5.4 Therapy 2.5.5 Suicide 2.5.6 Death and End of Life 2.5.7 Preventive Psychiatry 2.5.8 Classification of Mental Disorders 2.5.9 Research Studies of Yoga 2.5.10 Other Aspects 2.5.11 Implications for Mental Health 2.5.12 Acknowledgments References

Chapter 2.6: Buddhism and Psychotherapy in Japan

2.6.1 Preface 2.6.2 Buddhism 2.6.3 Shintoism 2.6.4 Buddhism and Psychiatry in Asia 2.6.5 Morita Therapy 2.6.6 Naikan Therapy 2.6.7 Discussion 2.6.8 Morita Therapy at Present 2.6.9 Naikan Therapy at Present 2.6.10 Psychiatric Practice and Religion 2.6.11 Conclusions Acknowledgment References

Chapter 2.7: Psychiatry and Theravada Buddhism

2.7.1 Introduction 2.7.2 The Buddha and His Teaching 2.7.3 Buddhism and Neuroscience 2.7.4 Buddhism and Psychiatry 2.7.5 Buddhism and Psychotherapy 2.7.6 The Buddhist Twelve Steps 2.7.7 Buddhist Approach to Suicide Prevention 2.7.8 Conclusion References

Part 3: Core Issues: Religion and Psychopathology

Introduction Chapter 3.1: Religious Experience and Psychopathology

3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Philosophy and Psychiatry 3.1.3 Demoniac Illnesses 3.1.4 Witchcraft and Mental Illness 3.1.5 Psychopathology and Supernatural Phenomena 3.1.6 Delusion and Religious Experience 3.1.7 The Problem of Truth in Psychiatry 3.1.8 Psychopathology of Beauty and Goodness 3.1.9 The Meaning of Illnesses 3.1.10 Deep Psychology 3.1.11 Religion and Specific Mental Disorders References

Chapter 3.2: God’s Champions and Adversaries: About the Borders between Normal and Abnormal Religiosity

3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Definitions 3.2.3 Starting Points 3.2.4 Abnormal Religious Behavior 3.2.5 Abnormal Religious Behavior: Hyporeligiosity 3.2.6 Abnormal Religious Manifestations: Hyper-Religiosity 3.2.7 Practical Consequences 3.2.8 Discussion 3.2.9 Summary References

Chapter 3.3: Religion and Psychopathology: Psychosis and Depression

3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Major Psychiatric Disorders 3.3.3 Transcultural Perspective 3.3.4 Psychosis and Religion Interacting 3.3.5 Mania and Religious Expression 3.3.6 Depression and Religious Belief 3.3.7 Conclusion References

Chapter 3.4: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Religion: A Reconnaissance

3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Ocd in Relation to Religion 3.4.3 Do Religious People Make Use of the Same Cognitive Strategies as Ocd Patients Do? 3.4.4 Treatment 3.4.5 Discussions and Conclusions Summary References

Chapter 3.5: Religion and Psychoanalysis: Past and Present

3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Definitions 3.5.3 The Relationship Between Psychoanalysis, Religion and Spirituality 3.5.4 The Legacy of Freud’s Views 3.5.5 Is Psychoanalysis A Technique or Worldview? 3.5.6 Shifts in the Freudian Viewpoint 3.5.7 New Theoretical Perspectives 3.5.8 Clinical Issues: Assessment 3.5.9 Clinical Issues: Case Formulation 3.5.10 Clinical Issues: Treatment 3.5.11 Transference and Countertransference 3.5.12 Challenges for the Future 3.5.13 Conclusion References

Chapter 3.6: On the Psychology of Religious Fundamentalism

3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 The Heresy Trial of J. Ernst Davey 3.6.3 Protestants and Partition Politics in Ireland 3.6.4 Fundamentalist Certainty and Political Uncertainty 3.6.5 Psychoanalysis, Faith and Religion 3.6.6 Fundamentalism and Holy Scripture 3.6.7 Fundamentalism and Group Psychology 3.6.8 Regression and the Loss of Tempero-spatial Functions 3.6.9 ‘Violence and the Sacred’ 3.6.10 Regression and Reconstruction of Large-Group Identity 3.6.11 Fundamentalism, Radicalization and Violence References

Chapter 3.7: Measurement at the Interface of Psychiatry and Religion: Issues and Existing Measures

3.7.1 Measurement at the Interface of Psychiatry and Religion: Issues and Existing Measures 3.7.2 General Issues to Consider in Measurement 3.7.3 Review of Measures 3.7.4 Spiritual Assessment and Screening 3.7.5 Other Modalities Beside Self-Report 3.7.6 Guidance for Choosing A Measure 3.7.7 Conclusion 3.7.8 Abstract References

Part 4: Research Issues

Introduction Chapter 4.1: Religion and Mental Health: What Do You Mean When You Say ‘Religion’? What Do You Mean When You Say ‘Mental Health’?

4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Religion and Mental Health 4.1.3 Defining Mental Health 4.1.4 Empirical Examinations of Religion and Mental Health 4.1.5 Implications for Research and Practice References

Chapter 4.2: A Moment of Anger, a Lifetime of Favor: Image of God, Personality, and Orthodox Religiosity

4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 The Image of God 4.2.3 Orthodox Religiosity and the Manifestation of Descriptive and Structural Borderline Personality Pathology 4.2.4 Discussion References

Chapter 4.3: The Relationship Between an Orthodox Protestant Upbringing and Current Orthodox Protestant Adherence, DSM-IV Axis II B Cluster Personality Disorders and Structural Borderline Personality Organization

4.3.1 Religion and Self-Control 4.3.2 Denomination 4.3.3 Descriptive and Structural Diagnosis of Personality Pathology 4.3.4 Aims of the Study and Hypotheses 4.3.5 Methods 4.3.6 Discussion Acknowledgments References

Chapter 4.4: When Religion Goes Awry: Religious Risk Factors for Poorer Health and Well-Being

4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Definition of Religion 4.4.3 Religious Risk Factors 4.4.4 Problematic Attachment to God 4.4.5 Problematic Religious Integration 4.4.6 Religious Risk Factors – Clinical Implications 4.4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions References

Chapter 4.5: Religious Practice and Mental Health: A Moroccan Experience

4.5.1 Historical Overview 4.5.2 Social Overview 4.5.3 Religious Practice and Mental Health 4.5.4 Classification, Psychopathology and Religion 4.5.5 Circumcision and Mental Health 4.5.6 Concluding Remarks References

Chapter 4.6: Religious and Spiritual Considerations in Psychiatric Diagnosis: Considerations for the DSM-V

4.6.1 Introduction: V62.89 4.6.2 Religious or Spiritual Problem [10]: Use of Religious or Spiritual Problem V Code 4.6.3 Personality Disorders [43] 4.6.4 Ptsd [49] 4.6.5 Substance Use Disorders [53] 4.6.6 Psychotic Disorders [54] 4.6.7 Summary and Conclusions [56] References

Part 5: Interdisciplinary Issues: Psychotherapy, Pastoral Care and Meaning Giving

Introduction Chapter 5.1: Gods of the Horizon: The Therapist’s and the Patient’s Religious Representations and the Inevitability of Countertransference

5.1.1 The Epistemological Questions and Assumptions Regarding the Image of God 5.1.2 Three Clinical Implications of the Psychological God 5.1.3 The Inevitability of Countertransference in the Context of Religious Representational Material and Its Object 5.1.4 The Event Horizon, the Analytic Frame and the Creation of the Representational God 5.1.5 Clinical Illustrations of the Countertransference Pitfalls and Contributions Due to Sensitivity to Religious Representations 5.1.6 The Emergence of Latent Religious Representations in the Horizon Between Enactment and Countertransference: The Case of ‘Karen’ 5.1.7 An Exegesis Within Judaic Sources Regarding the Event Horizon and the Representation of God References

Chapter 5.2: Assumptions About Pastoral Care, Spirituality and Mental Health

5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Landing on History I: Wonder 5.2.3 Landing on History II: Trees of the Same Wood 5.2.4 Landing on the Separation of Psychiatry and Religion 5.2.5 Landing on the Boundaries of Pastoral Care and the Clergy’s Identity 5.2.6 Landing on the Topic of ‘Spiritual Concerns’ 5.2.7 Conclusions References

Chapter 5.3: Coming to Terms with Loss in Schizophrenia – The Search for Meaning

5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Peter’s Case 5.3.3 The Integration of ‘Coming to Terms With Loss’ in the Current Framework of Mental Healthcare 5.3.4 Back to Peter – Different Losses 5.3.5 Why is It So Hard to Listen Carefully to Existential Questions and Explanations? 5.3.6 The Spiritual Caregiver 5.3.7 Back to Peter and His Punishing God Answer References

Part 6: Controversial Issues: Religion and the Brain

Introduction Chapter 6.1: The Limits of Scientific Understanding and their Relevance for the Role of Religion in Psychiatry

6.1.1 Psychiatrists’ Mindset 6.1.2 Chaos Theory: Relevancy to Psychiatry 6.1.3 Outlook: Science and Religion Seven Days A Week References

Chapter 6.2: Seat of the Divine: A Biological ‘Proof of God’s Existence’?

6.2.1 Object of Research 6.2.2 Definitions 6.2.3 The Data 6.2.4 Does Atheism Triumph? 6.2.5 Apparent Victory 6.2.6 Does Theism Triumph? 6.2.7 Summary References

Chapter 6.3: Neuro-Theology: Demasqué of Religions

6.3.1 A Few Figures 6.3.2 A Better World Without Religion? 6.3.3 The Evolutionary Benefits of Religion 6.3.4 Spirituality, Religion and Psychopathology 6.3.5 Spirituality as Neurological Basis for Religion 6.3.6 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Religious Delusions: Peak Experiences 6.3.7 Religious Delusions in Psychiatric Disorders 6.3.8 Near Death Experiences: No ‘Proof’ of An Afterlife 6.3.9 Where is the Proof? 6.3.10 Praying for Someone Else: A Placebo for Oneself 6.3.11 Conclusions References

Part 7: Training Issues: Residency Training and Continuous Education

Introduction Chapter 7.1: Religion and the Training of Psychotherapists

7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Definitions 7.1.3 Historical Background 7.1.4 Contemporary Challenges in Training Psychiatrists in Psychotherapy 7.1.5 Why is Religion Important in Psychotherapy? 7.1.6 What to Teach? 7.1.7 How to Teach 7.1.8 Integration into Curricula 7.1.9 Challenges for the Future References

Chapter 7.2: Multicultural Education and Training in Religion and Spirituality

7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Professional Associations and Program Requirements 7.2.3 Bias Against Religion and Spirituality 7.2.4 Attitude 7.2.5 Definitions 7.2.6 Mediating Factors 7.2.7 ‘Model Curriculum’ 7.2.8 Taking A Spiritual/Religious History 7.2.9 Case Formulation 7.2.10 Basic Dynamics 7.2.11 Conclusions: Examples of Training and Educational Methods References

Epilogue: Proposal for a World Psychiatric Association Consensus or Position Statement on Spirituality and Religion in Psychiatry

E.1 Introduction E.2 Consensus Statement: Criteria E.3 Controversy I: Religion and Spirituality E.4 Controversy II: Taking A Spiritual History? E.5 Finding A Way Forward Acknowledgments References Proposal

Notes on Contributors Index of Names Index of Subjects

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