In Pursuit of Gender · Worldwide Archaeological Approaches by Nelson, Sarah Milledge -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

GENDER AND ARCHAEOLOGY SERIES Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface and Acknowledgments 1 - Introduction

THE ROOTS OF GENDER ARCHAEOLOGY METHODS FOR STUDYING GENDER CHAPTER ARRANGEMENT SUMMARY

I - GENDER IDEOLOGY 2 - Gender in the South Italian Neolithic: A Combinatory Approach

INTRODUCTION THE NEOLITHIC OF SOUTHERN ITALY SOURCES FOR STUDYING GENDER IN THE NEOLITHIC OF SOUTHERN ITALY

Burials Cult Caves Anthropomorphic Figurines Architecture and Space

DISCUSSION

Gender Ideology Gender Roles Gender Relations

CONCLUDING REMARKS

3 - Soul Birds and Heavenly Cows: Transforming Gender in Predynastic Egypt

INTRODUCTION SEXING GOODS STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF GRAVE GOODS FIGURING SEX DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION: MATERIALITY, EMBODIMENT, AND MEANING EPILOGUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

4 - Through the Looking Glass: Reflections on Mirrors, Gender, and Use among Nomads

NOTES

5 - Ideology, Power, and Gender: Emergent Complex Society in Northeastern China

HONGSHAN CULTURE HONGSHAN ECONOMY AND POLITICAL STRUCTURE IDEOLOGY OF THE HONGSHAN CULTURE CONCLUSION

6 - Beauty, Sexuality, Body Ornamentation, and Gender in Ancient Meso-America

BODILY CUES AS MEDIA OF SOCIAL IDENTITY IN MESO-AMERICA A MESO-AMERICAN HISTORY FOR AZTEC PRACTICES BEAUTIFICATION, PERSUASIVENESS, AND PERFORMATIVE GENDER BODY ORNAMENTATION, BEAUTY, AND SEXUALITY IN MESO-AMERICA THE PUBLIC PERFORMANCE OF GENDER IN PRE-HISPANIC MESO-AMERICA

7 - Men, Women, and Eland: Hunting and Gender among the San of Southern Africa

THEMES IN SAN EXPRESSIVE CULTURE PEOPLE OF THE EARLY RACE HUNTING AND ELAND HUNTING AND MARRIAGE KALAHARI LIFE HISTORIES KALAHARI TALK ROCK PAINTINGS PAINTING ELAND AND HUNTING PAINTING PEOPLE HUNTING AND GENDER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

II - GENDER ROLES 8 - The Impact of Women on Household Economies: A Maya Case Study

HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIES, WOMEN’S LABOR, AND HOUSEHOLD SPACE

The Household Concept Household Economies Gender and Household Organization

THE SAN MATEO CASE METHODS AND EXPECTED RESULTS

Household Economies and Women’s Production Household Spatial Organization and Women’s Production

ANALYSIS DISCUSSION NOTES APPENDIX: VARIABLES CODED FOR THE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

9 - Beyond Complementarity and Hierarchy: New Definitions for Archaeological Gender Relations

INTRODUCTION: THE BINARY WORLD OF GENDER SYSTEMS

Gender Complementarity Gender Hierarchy

CRITIQUE AND ALTERNATIVES TO BINARY GENDERS AND BINARY GENDER SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVE NONCATEGORICAL SCHEMES FOR STUDYING GENDER: STUDIES FROM YUTOPIAN LOCATING GENDER AT YUTOPIAN GENDER AS AN ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE IN YUTOPIAN EARLY FORMATIVE HOUSEHOLDS: WHICH CATEGORIES, IF ANY? CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

10 - The Enigma of Gender in the Archaeological Record of the Andaman Islands

INTRODUCTION CHAULDARI SHELL ARTIFACTS FROM CHAULDARI

Bivalves with Use Wear Perforated Shells

BONE TOOLS

Other ″Functions″ of Bone

STONE TOOLS HAVA BEEL CAVE DISCUSSION THE POSITION OF WOMEN AMONG THE ANDAMAN ISLANDERS CONCLUDING REMARKS

11 - Gender Roles Depicted in Rock Art: A Case from Western Thailand

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Gender Roles ROCK ART DISTRIBUTION IN WESTERN THAILAND Tham Ta Duang Khao Deang Khao Plara

ANALYSIS

Chronology Style Activities Associated with Genders Gender Roles in Ritual Ceremonies Site Function

DISCUSSION CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

12 - Women in the Prehistory of Mainland Southeast Asia

INTRODUCTION COASTAL HUNTER-GATHERERS: KHOK PHANOM DI THE NEOLITHIC THE BRONZE AGE

Nong Nor Ban Na Di, Ban Lum Khao, and Non Nok Tha

THE IRON AGE

Yinshanling Noen U-Loke

SUMMARY

13 - Mothers’ Workloads and Children’s Labor during the Woodland Period

FEMALE WORK IN MIDWESTERN CULTURES

Archaic Period (10,000–3,500 Years Ago) Woodland Period (2,600–1,100 Years Ago)

COPING WITH WORK: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPONSIBLE CHILD BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF CHILDREN OF THE MIDWEST

Weaning Children’s Work

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

III - GENDER RELATIONS 14 - “Sein und Werden”: Gender as Process in Mortuary Ritual

NOTES

15 - Women’s Lives Memorialized in Burial in Ancient China at Anyang

INTRODUCTION THIS STUDY THE EVIDENCE EVIDENCE OF WOMEN IN BURIALS AT ANYANG

Burials of Royal Women Burial of Another Elite Woman Single Graves of Other High-Ranking Women Women as Sacrificial Victims

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NOTES

16 - The Female Figure in Umayyad Art 17 - Accessing Prestige and Power: Women in the Political Economy of Protohistoric and Early Historic Visayan Polities

INTRODUCTION EARLY HISTORIC VISAYAN POLITICAL ECONOMIES: WITHOUT AND WITH WOMEN SEEING WOMEN WOMEN IN PROTOHISTORIC VISAYAN POLITICAL ECONOMIES TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF GENDERED PRESTIGE AND POWER IN VISAYAN POLITIES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

18 - Gender in Japanese Prehistory

INTRODUCTION STUDIES OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT JAPAN

Historical Research before 1945 Studies of Ancient Women in the Postwar Years, 1945–70 Gender Studies since 1970

CLAY FIGURINES OF THE JOMON PERIOD

Number and Time-Space Distribution of Jomon Clay Figurines Depositional Contexts of Jomon Figurines Interpretations of Jomon Figurines Prospects for Future Research

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NOTES

19 - Gender in Human Evolution: Sociobiology Revisited and Revised

INTRODUCTION THE ENVIRONMENT OF EARLY HUMANS: SAVANNA OR TROPICAL FOREST? SUBSISTENCE: CARNIVORY OR BROAD-SPECTRUM FORAGING? GENDER BEHAVIOR FROM APES TO TODAY

Divison of Labor in Subsistence Tool Use The Pair Bond in Reproduction and Social Organization Parenting Dominance, Aggression, and Violence Infanticide

CONCLUSIONS

Bibliography Index About the Contributors

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