Backup & Recovery by Preston, W. Curtis -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Backup & Recovery

Preface

I Wish I’d Had This Book

Only the Recovery Matters Products Change Backing Up Databases Is Not That Hard Bare-Metal Recovery Is Not That Hard

How This Book Is Organized

Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI

What’s New in This Book What’s Missing? Speaking of BackupCentral.com Conventions Used in This Book How to Contact Us Safari® Enabled This Book Was a Team Effort

Contributors Technical Editors Horror Stories Special Mention I Don’t Know It All How Can I Say Thanks?

1. Introduction

1. The Philosophy of Backup

Champagne Backup on a Beer Budget Why Should I Read This Book?

Schadenfreude You Never Want to Say These Words You’re Curious About Open-Source Backup Products You Want to Learn About Disk-Based Backup

Why Back Up?

What Will Lost Data Cost You? What Will Downtime Cost You?

Wax On, Wax Off: Finding a Balance

Don’t Go Overboard Get the Coverage That You Need Why the Word “Volume” Instead of “Tape”?

2. Backing It All Up

Don’t Skip This Chapter!

The Impossible Job That No One Wants

Deciding Why You Are Backing Up Deciding What to Back Up

Plan for the Worst Take an Inventory Are You Backing Up What You Think You’re Backing Up? Back Up All or Part of the System?

Backing up only selected drives or filesystems Backing up the entire system

Deciding When to Back Up

Backup Levels Which Levels Do You Run and When?

Weekly schedule: All full/level 0 backups Weekly schedule: Weekly full, daily level differentials/level 1s Weekly schedule: Weekly full, daily leveled backups Weekly schedule: Monthly full, daily Tower of Hanoi incrementals

“In the Middle of the Night...”

Deciding How to Back Up

Be Ready for Anything: 10 Types of Disasters Automate Your Backup Plan for Expansion Don’t Forget Unix mtime, atime, and ctime

Backups change atime The atime can be reset—with a penalty

Don’t Forget ACLs Don’t Forget Mac OS Resource Forks Keep It Simple, SA

Storing Your Backups

Storage in General On-Site Storage

12,000 gold pieces

Off-Site Storage

Choosing a media vaulting vendor Testing your chosen vendor Electronic vaulting

Testing Your Backups

Test Everything! Test Often

Monitoring Your Backups

You Can Always Make It Better If It’s Not Baroque, Don’t Fix It

Following Proper Development Procedures Unrelated Miscellanea

Protect Your Career

Self-preservation: Document, document, document Strategy: Make backups an integral part of the installation process

Get the Money Your Backups Need

Be ready Make a formal presentation

Good Luck

2. Open-Source Backup Utilities

3. Basic Backup and Recovery Utilities

An Overview

How Mac OS Filesystems Are Different cpio

Why isn’t cpio more popular?

ditto dd dump and restore ntbackup rsync System Restore tar Other Utilities

asr pax psync, rsyncx, hfstar, xtar, and hfspax

Backing Up and Restoring with ntbackup

Creating a Simple Backup Configuration Executing Your Simple Backup Restoring with ntbackup

Using System Restore in Windows

Creating Restore Points Recovering Windows Using a Restore Point

Backing Up with the dump Utility

Syntax of the dump Command The Options to the dump Command

Specifying a complete or incremental backup (0–9) Specifying a blocking factor (b) Updating the dumpdates file (u) Notifying your backup operators (n) Specifying density and size (d and s) Do I have to use the s and d options? Specifying a backup device file (f) Displaying which filesystems need to be backed up (W and w) Interesting options for Solaris’s ufsdump utility

What a dump Backup Looks Like

dump records an index on the volume Using the index to create a table of contents

Restoring with the restore Utility

Is the Backup Volume Readable? Blocking Factor Byte-Order Differences Different Versions of dump Syntax of the restore Command The Options to the restore Command

Determining the type of restore Determining how the restore behaves Creating a dump volume table of contents (t) Performing a complete (recursive) filesystem restore (r) Restoring files by name (x) Restoring files interactively (i) Restoring files to another location Requesting verbose output (v) Skipping files (s) Specifying a blocking factor (b) Specifying a backup drive or file (f) Specifying no query during restore (y)

Limitations of dump and restore Features to Check For Backing Up and Restoring with the cpio Utility

The Syntax of cpio When Backing Up The Options to the cpio Command

Specifying the output mode (o) Restoring access times (a) Specifying the ASCII format (c) Requesting verbose output (v) Specifying a blocking factor of 5,120 (B) Specifying an I/O block size (C) Specifying an output device or file (O) Backing up to a remote device (piping to an rsh or ssh command)

Restoring with cpio

Different versions of cpio Byte-order problems Wrong header type Strange block size Full or partial restore, or table of contents only?

cpio’s Restore Options Telling cpio Which Device to Use Examples of a cpio Restore

Listing the files on a cpio volume Doing an entire filesystem restore Doing a pattern-match restore Renaming files interactively Other useful options Restoring to a different directory

Using cpio’s Directory Copy Feature

Backing Up and Restoring with the tar Utility

The Syntax of tar When Backing Up The Options to the tar Command

Listing files on standard input

Syntax of tar When Restoring

Restoring selected parts of the archive Tricking tar into using wildcards during a restore Changing ownership, permissions, and attributes during a restore

Some Other Neat Things About tar

Finding everything that’s under the directory Using tar to move a directory Restoring to an alternate location

Backing Up and Restoring with the dd Utility

Basic dd Options

Specifying the input file Specifying the output file Specifying the block size Specifying the input and output block sizes separately Specifying the number of records to read

Using dd to Copy a File or Raw Device Using dd to Convert Data

Converting data to go into another command Converting data that is in the wrong format

Using dd to Determine the Block Size of a Tape Using dd to Figure out the Backup Format

Using rsync

Basic rsync Syntax

A few twists rsync on Windows rsync on Mac OS

Restoring with rsync

Backing Up and Restoring with the ditto Utility

Syntax of ditto When Backing Up The Options to the ditto Command Syntax of ditto when Restoring

Listing the files in a ditto archive

Comparing tar, cpio, and dump Using ssh or rsh as a Conduit Between Systems

4. Amanda

Summary of Important Features

Client/Server Architecture Using Nonproprietary Tools Amanda Security Holding Disk Backup Scheduling Tape Management Device Management

Configuring Amanda Backing Up Clients via NFS or Samba

Backing Up Using NFS Backing Up via Samba

Amanda Recovery Community and Support Options Future Plans

5. BackupPC

BackupPC Features How BackupPC Works Installation How-To

Security Versus Ease of Use Basic Sizing Installing BackupPC

Installation packages

Starting BackupPC

Using the CGI Interface Configuration Files

Per-Client Configuration The BackupPC Community The Future of BackupPC

6. Bacula

Bacula Architecture

Bacula Components Interaction Between Components

Authentication Configuration

Bacula Features An Example Configuration

Setting Up the Server Initial Backup (Linux Client) Initial Restore (Linux Client) Windows Backup Mac OS X Backup

Advanced Features

Bare-Metal Recovery Backup Traffic and Storage Encryption Python Script Support Client Script Support Autochanger Support ANSI and IBM Tape Labels File-Based Intrusion Detection

Future Directions

Pool Migration Tracking Deleted/Renamed Files Python-Based GUI Tool Base Job Support Client-Initiated Backups Plug-in Support for File Daemons

7. Open-Source Near-CDP

rsync with Snapshots

An Example Beyond the Example Understanding Hard Links Hard-Link Copies

A simple example script

Restoring from the Backup Things to Consider

How large is each backup? A brief word about mail formats Other useful rsync flags Backing up databases or other large files that keep changing Backing up Windows systems Large filesystems and rsync’s memory scaling Atomicity and partial transfers

rsnapshot

Platform Support When Not to Use rsnapshot Setting Up rsnapshot The rsnapshot Community

rdiff-backup

Advantages Disadvantages Quick Start Windows, Mac OS X, and the Future

3. Commercial Backup

8. Commercial Backup Utilities

What to Look For Full Support of Your Platforms

Should You Back Up Special Files?

Backup of Raw Partitions Backup of Very Large Filesystems and Files Aggressive Requirements

LAN-Free Backup Server-Free (or Serverless) Backup De-Duplication Backup Systems Snapshots Replication Near-Continuous Data Protection Systems Continuous Data Protection Systems Remote Office Backup

Simultaneous Backup of Many Clients to One Drive Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape Backup Simultaneous Backup of One Client to Many Drives Data Requiring Special Treatment

Network-Mounted Filesystems Custom User Scripts Databases

Storage Management Features

Archives

Backups make lousy archives Satisfy electronic discovery requests Other backup bugaboos True archiving Two types of archivers

Hierarchical Storage Management Information Lifecycle Management

Reduction in Network Traffic

Keep Backup Traffic at the Subnet Level Use Client-Side Compression Incorporate Throttling Storage Area Networks

Support of a Standard or Custom Backup Format

Standard Backup Formats

The dump utility The tar, ditto, and cpio utilities

Custom Backup Formats

What happened to SIDF?

A Reality Check

Ease of Administration Security Ease of Recovery Protection of the Backup Index Robustness Automation Volume Verification Cost Vendor Final Thoughts

9. Backup Hardware

Decision Factors

Reliability Duty Cycle Transfer Speed Flexibility

Tape drives: Not so flexible Optical drives: A little more flexible Disk drives: Very flexible

Time-to-Data Capacity Removability Cost Summary

Using Backup Hardware

Compression Density Versus Compression How Often Should I Change My Media? Cartridge Care Drive Care Nearline and Offline Storage

Tape Drives

Tape Drives Must Be Streamed Compression Makes It Harder to Stream Drives Variable Speed Tape Drives Helical and Linear Tape Drives Are Different Cartridges Versus Cassettes Midrange Tape Drive Types

3480 (end-of-lifed) 3590 3592 TS1120 3570 drive (a.k.a. Magstar MP) 8 mm (8x0x) drives (end-of-lifed) 9840 drives 9940 drives T10000 drives AIT drive DDS drive DLT drives (end-of-lifed) DLT-S drives (aka Super DLT) DLT-V drives (aka Value DLT) DTF drive LMS NCTP drive LTO drives Mammoth drive (end-of-lifed) MLR 1-3 drives VXA

Optical Drives

Optical Recording Methods

Magneto-optical recording method Phase change recording method Dye polymer recording method WORM recording methods

Optical Recording Formats

CD recording formats DVD recording formats Magneto-optical recording format UDO recording format

Automated Backup Hardware Disk Targets

Disk-As-Disk Targets

Advantages of disk-as-disk targets Disadvantages of disk-as-disk targets SAN disk-as-disk targets NAS disk-as-disk targets

Disk-As-Tape: Virtual Tape Libraries

Advantages of VTLs Disadvantages of VTLs How do you eject virtual tapes?

Disk Features to Consider

Packaging De-duplication Replication Content-awareness Re-presentation Stacking Notification

Disk-As-Tape: Virtual Tape Cartridges

4. Bare-Metal Recovery

10. Solaris Bare-Metal Recovery

Using Flash Archive

Backup and Recovery Overview

Perform the backup Perform the restore

Initial Considerations

System requirements Frequency of backup Back up to disk or tape? Restore from tape or disk? Interactive or noninteractive restore? Other environmental constraints

Preparing for an Interactive Restore

Creating Flash Archive Images

Determining filesystems to back up Using flar create Creating a flash archive tape

Bare-Metal Recovery with Flash Archive

An interactive recovery example

Setup of a Noninteractive Restore

Noninteractive Setup Files

profile The rules file The sysidcfg file

Creating a Noninteractive Tape Image Creating a Noninteractive Disk Image Post-Recovery Procedures

Final Thoughts

11. Linux and Windows

How It Works

If Then GOTO Choosing Backup Methods

Live or alternate boot? Image level or filesystem level? Complete disk or separate partitions? Four backup options

The Steps in Theory

Step 1: Back Up Important Metadata

Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris x86 Windows

Step 2: Back Up the OS with a Native Utility

Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris X86 Windows

Step 3: Boot the System from Alternate Media Step 4: Restore the Boot Block Information Step 5: Partition and Format the New Root Drive

Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris X86 Windows

Step 6: Restore the OS to the New Root Drive

Assumptions Alt-Boot Full Image Method

Create the Bare-Metal Backup

Back up the important metadata Boot the system from alternate media Back up the operating system with a native utility

Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery

Boot the system from alternate media Restore the boot block information Prepare the new root drive Restore the operating system

Alt-Boot Partition Image Method

Create the Bare-Metal Backup

Back up the important metadata Boot the system from alternate media Back up the operating system with a native utility

Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery

Boot the system from alternate media Restore the boot block and prepare the new root drive Restore the operating system

Live Method

Create the Bare-Metal Backup

Back up the important metadata Back up the operating system with a native utility

Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery

Boot the system from alternate media Restore the boot block information and prepare the new root drive Restore the operating system

Alt-Boot Filesystem Method

Create the Bare-Metal Backup

Back up the important metadata Boot the system from alternate media Back up the operating system with a native utility

Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery

Boot the system from alternate media Restore the boot block and prepare the new root drive Restore the operating system

Automate Bare-Metal Recovery with G4L

Advantages of G4L Drawbacks of G4L Setting Up G4L Using G4L Customizing G4L

Commercial Solutions

12. HP-UX Bare-Metal Recovery

System Recovery with Ignite-UX

Ignite-UX Overview Network Services and Remote Boot Protocols Differences Between HP Integrity and HP9000 Clients

Planning for Ignite-UX Archive Storage and Recovery

Considerations for the Remote Booting of Clients Sizing the Recovery Archive Configuring an Ignite-UX Network Server Recovery Archive Management

Implementation Example

Command-Line Examples Verifying Archive Contents Troubleshooting Recovery Operations

System Cloning Security System Recovery and Disk Mirroring

13. AIX Bare-Metal Recovery

IBM’s mksysb and savevg Utilities

mksysb and savevg Format Preparing to Use mksysb and savevg

Preparing for the restore

Backing Up with mksysb

mksysb Summary Backing Up rootvg to Locally Attached Tape Backing Up rootvg to a Remote Tape Drive Backing Up to Disk Making a Bootable DVD/CD from an Existing mksysb Creating a CD/DVD Backup in One Step

Setting Up NIM

Setting Up a NIM Server Adding a Client Definition to NIM Setting a mksysb Definition for a Client

savevg Operations

Using savevg to Back Up a Volume Group

Verifying a mksysb or savevg Backup Restoring an AIX System with mksysb System Cloning

AIX 4.x Operating System AIX 5.x Operating System

14. Mac OS X Bare-Metal Recovery

How It Works

Preparing for a Bare-Metal Recovery Performing a Bare-Metal Recovery

A Sample Bare-Metal Recovery

Perform the Backup Recover the System

5. Database Backup

15. Backing Up Databases

Can It Be Done? Confusion: The Mysteries of Database Architecture The Muck Stops Here: Databases in Plain English What’s the Big Deal? Database Structure

The Power User’s View: Logical Elements of a Database

Instance Database Table Index LOBs Object Row Attribute

The DBA’s View: Physical Elements of a Database Environment

Page Datafile Extents Tablespace Partition Master database Transaction Rollback log Transaction log Checkpoint

An Overview of a Page Change ACID Compliance What Can Happen to an RDBMS? Backing Up an RDBMS

Physical and Logical Backups Get Every Instance Transaction Log Dumps Are Not Incremental Backups Do It Yourself: Creating Your Own Backup Utility

Intermediary disk Dedicated tape drive Shell/batch scripts

Calling a Professional

DB2 Exchange Informix MySQL Oracle PostgreSQL Sybase SQL Server

Restoring an RDBMS

Loss of Any Nondata Disk Loss of a Data Disk Online Partial Restores

Documentation and Testing Unique Database Requirements

16. Oracle Backup and Recovery

Two Backup Methods

rman User-Managed Backups

Oracle Architecture

The Power User’s View

Instance Database Table Index Large object datatypes Object Row Attribute

The DBA’s View

Blocks Extents Segment Datafile Tablespace Partition Control file Transaction Undo tablespace Checkpoint Flash recovery area Redo log Initialization parameters Restore versus recover

Finding All Instances

Physical Backups Without rman

Cold Backup Hot Backup Debunking Hot-Backup Myths

Physical Backups with rman

Important New rman Features Automating rman

Create a recovery catalog Create persistent parameters Create rman scripts The database.inc.rman command file (level 1 backups)

Flashback

Other Commercial Backup Methods

Managing the Archived Redo Logs Recovering Oracle

Using This Recovery Guide Seriously, Think About rman Step 1: Try Startup Mount Step 2: Are All Control Files Missing? Step 3: Replace Missing Control File

“But I don’t have a good control file!”

Step 4: Are All Datafiles and Redo Logs OK? Step 5: Restore Damaged Datafiles or Redo Logs Step 6: Is There a “Backup to Trace” of the Control File? Step 7: Run the create controlfile Script Step 8: Restore Control Files and Prepare the Database for Recovery

1) Restore control files from backup 2) Start up mount

Step 9: Recover the Database

Recover and open the database with rman Attempt to recover database manually Alter database open resetlogs

Step 10: Does “alter database open” Work?

Big shortcut for rman users User-managed backups: Read on Damaged datafile Damaged log group Damaged required tablespace Damaged rollback segment Before going any farther... How media recovery works

Step 11: Are There Damaged Datafiles for Required Tablespaces? Step 12: Restore All Datafiles in Required Tablespaces Step 13: Damaged Nonrequired Datafile? Step 14: Take Damaged Datafile Offline Step 15: Were Any Datafiles Taken Offline? Step 16: Restore and Recover Offline Datafiles

Restore the damaged datafiles Datafile recovery Tablespace recovery Database recovery

Step 17: Is There a Damaged Online Log Group? Step 18: Are Any Rollback Segments Unavailable? Step 19: Recover Tablespace Containing Unavailable Rollback Segment Step 20: Is the Current Online Log Damaged? Step 21: Restore and Recover All Database Files from Backup Step 22: Run alter database open resetlogs Step 23: Is an Active Online Redo Log Damaged? Step 24: Perform a Checkpoint Step 25: Is an Inactive Online Redo Log Damaged? Step 26: Drop/Add a Damaged, Inactive Log Group You’re Done!

Logical Backups

Performing a Logical Backup Recovering with a Logical Backup

A Broken Record

17. Sybase Backup and Recovery

Sybase Architecture

Overview of the Sybase Architecture Sybase Command-Line Utilities

isql bcp dsedit

Required Environment Variables

The Power User’s View

Server Engine Database Transaction Table System Table Index Stored Procedures

The DBA’s View

Page Extent Datafiles and Devices Segment Configuration File Transaction Log What Happens When Transaction Logs Fill Up?

Transaction log sizing

The interfaces File The SYBASE.sh and SYBASE.csh Files Backup Server Dump Device Hot and Cold Backups

Protecting Your Database

dbcc: The Database Consistency Checker

Standard/nightly dbcc checks

Reorgs Update Statistics Configuration Audits Implement Mirroring and Disk Striping How to Back Up Your Servers

Syntax of the dump statement Backup striping and compression

Have a Run Book

Backup Automation Through Scripting

Backup Automation Basics

A simple update stats script A sample transaction logfiles backup script Schedule backups Mailing crontab results

Logical Backups

Performing a logical backup Performing a logical restore Auditing using bcp

Physical Backups with a Storage Manager Recovering Your Database

Recovering from a Disaster Restoring from Backups

The online database command Restoring to a specific time Restoring from compressed backups

Common Sybase Procedures

Procedure 1: How to Start Sybase Procedure 2: How to See Whether Your Server Is Alive Procedure 3: How to Shut Down Your Server

The first thing to try—normal shutdown The second thing to try—shutdown with nowait The third thing to try—kill -15 on the dataserver What you should NEVER do—kill -9 on the dataserver On Windows

Procedure 4: How to Set Server Configuration Options Procedure 5: How to Set Database-Level Options Procedure 6: How to Run a Query

Sybase Recovery Procedure

Step 1: Can You Connect to Your Server Using isql? Step 2: Run the Stored Procedure sp_who Step 3: Blocked Processes Step 4: Log Suspend Step 5: You Can’t Connect Using isql Step 6: Check the Sybase Server Error Log Step 7: Check Whether Your Server Is Running Step 8: Running Server but Can’t Connect Remotely Step 9: Restart Your Server Step 10: Startup Failure Step 11: Contact Sybase Support Immediately Step 12: Able to Get Shared Memory? Step 13: Master Device Failure Step 14: Disk Device Failure

Get a list of the databases that failed to load Check your available free space Get database recreation information Drop the broken database Recreate the database Reload your database Bring the database online

18. IBM DB2 Backup and Recovery

DB2 Architecture

The Power User’s View

Instance Databases Schemas Tables Views Indexes DB2 engine dispatch units

The DBA’s View

Connecting to a DB2 database System catalog tables Database partition Containers Tablespaces Large objects (LOBs) Transaction logs Managing archive logs

The backup, restore, rollforward, and recover Commands

The backup Command

Backup levels Backup path and filenaming convention Discovering the history of your backup operations Automatic maintenance Using db2look

Recovery Types

Crash recovery Version recovery Rollforward recovery

The restore Command The rollforward Command The recover Command

Recovering Your Database

Performing an In-Place Version Recovery

Step 1: Gather your database backups Step 2: Make sure the containers that existed during your backup are still around Step 3: Issue the restore or recover database command Step 4: Perform rollforward recovery Step 5: Reorganize the data and collect statistics

Performing a Redirected Version Recovery

Step 1: Restore the database backup and specify the redirect option Step 2: Define appropriate tablespace containers for the target database Step 3: Continue the redirected restore operation Step 4: Perform rollforward recovery Step 5: Reorganize the data and collect statistics

Performing a Rollforward Recovery

Step 1: Gather your logfiles Step 2: Determine the minimum PIT Step 3: Issue the rollforward command Step 4: Set constraints (if necessary) Step 5: Perform a database backup (if necessary) Step 6: Reorganize data and collect statistics

Reorganizing Data and Collecting Statistics

19. SQL Server

Overview of SQL Server

Connecting to and Administering SQL Server SQL Server Authentication

User authentication Service authentication

The Power User’s View

Instance Databases

System databases User databases Viewing information about databases

Tables

System tables Temporary tables Index Partitioned tables Partitioned indexes

Stored Procedures Memory Management

The DBA’s View

Database Files Filegroups Transaction Log

Monitoring logfile size with dbcc Reducing the size of the physical log

Pages Extents Partitions Table and Index Specifics Snapshot Backups (2005)

Backups

Backup Devices

Logical and physical devices

Recovery Models

SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2000

Backup Types

Full Differential Transaction log Copy-only backup Partial backups File and filegroup

Backup/Restore of System Databases Viewing Information About the Backup Verify Backups Backup Expiration Date How to Back Up

Command-line backup with Transact-SQL

Transaction Log Backups

Log truncation

Master Database Backups Scheduling a Backup

Logical (Table-Level) Backups Restore and Recovery

Components of a Restore Recovery Roadmap

Step 1: Check for obvious hardware errors or server problems Step 2: Can you connect to the instance using a GUI or T-SQL? Step 3: Can you connect to the master database? Step 4: Can you connect to a specific, nonsystem database? Step 5: Initial checks Step 6: Are any datafiles missing? Step 7: Is the transaction log full? Step 8: Is it possible to repair the DB? Step 9: Before you begin the restore process Step 10: Restore under the simple recovery model Step 11: Restore under the full or bulk logged recovery model

Database Restore

Command-line restore with Transact-SQL

Master Database Restore

20. Exchange

Exchange Architecture

Database Structure Extensible Storage Engine Stores

Storage Groups

Transaction Logfiles Checkpoint Files Reserve Logfiles General Logfile Info Circular Logging Other Files Single Instance Storage Automatic Database Maintenance Storage Limits

Backup

Backup Strategy Backup Types

Normal Copy Incremental Differential Daily

Determining What to Back Up

Exchange-specific Windows-specific What not to back up when backing up Windows

Backup Methods

Online backups Offline backups Streaming backups Shadow copy backups Verifying backups

Using ntbackup to Back Up

Making a Basic Backup Verifying the Backup

Restore

Repair or Restore? Common Tasks for Repair or Restore Exchange Repair

Repairing Exchange databases Repairing by reinstalling

Exchange Restore

Overview Restoring Exchange Mailbox or Public Folder Stores

Online database restore Incremental and differential backups Hard recovery versus soft recovery

Offline Database Restore Recovery Storage Group

Example of RSG When to use RSG: Dial-tone restore

Overlooked (and Often Easy) Restore Methods

Restoring deleted mailboxes Restoring deleted items

Using ntbackup to Restore

Performing a basic restore

21. PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL Architecture

Clusters Tablespace Pagefile/Datafile Startup Scripts System Tables Large Objects Rollback Process Write Ahead Log

Backup and Recovery

Using pg_dump with pg_restore

Backing up with pg_dump Restoring with pg_restore

Using pg_dump with psql Using pg_dumpall with psql

Point-in-Time Recovery

Creating a Backup to Use with Point-in-Time Recovery Restoring from a Point-in-Time Backup

22. MySQL

MySQL Architecture

Shared Architectural Elements

The power user’s view Instances Startup scripts Databases and tablespaces Large objects Binary log

MyISAM Storage Engine InnoDB Storage Engine

Concerns about InnoDB Transactions Tablespace Datafile Rollback segment or log group Transaction log

Other Storage Engines

MySQL Backup and Recovery Methodologies

SQL-Level Backup and Recovery

Backing up MyISAM tables Backing up InnoDB tables Repairing corrupted MyISAM tables SQL-level MySQL restores

File-Level Backup and Recovery

Build your own file-level backup File-level backup with mysqlhotcopy Restoring from file-level backups

Using Point-in-Time Recovery

Directly applying binary logs Applying binary logs via temporary SQL files Applying binary logs using date ranges

MySQL Cluster Hot Backup and Recovery

Initial configuration Performing a backup of MySQL cluster Restoring a MySQL cluster

6. Potpourri

23. VMware and Miscellanea

Backing Up VMware Servers

VMware Architecture VMware Backups

Back up virtual machines as physical machines Back up suspended virtual machine files Copy/export a running virtual machine using VMware’s tools (ESX only)

Using Bare-Metal Recovery to Migrate to VMware

Volatile Filesystems

Missing or Corrupted Files Referential Integrity Problems Corrupted or Unreadable Backup Torture-Testing Backup Programs

Other warnings Conclusions

Using Snapshots to Back Up a Volatile Filesystem

How do snapshots work? Available snapshot software

Demystifying dump

Dumpster Diving

Pass I Pass IIa Pass IIb Pass IIc Pre-Pass III Pass III Pass IV Post-Pass IV Summary of dump steps

Answers to Our Questions

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5

A Final Analysis of dump

How Do I Read This Volume?

Prepare in Advance Wrong Media Type Bad or Dirty Drive or Tape Different Drive Types Wrong Compression Setting/Type The Little Endian That Couldn’t Block Size (Tape Volumes Only) Determine the Blocking Factor AIX and Its 512-Byte Block Size Unknown Backup Format Different Backup Format Damaged Volume Reading a “Flaky” Tape Multiple Partitions on a Tape If at First You Don’t Succeed...

Gigabit Ethernet Disk Recovery Companies Yesterday Trust Me About the Backups

24. It’s All About Data Protection

Business Reasons for Data Protection

Mitigating Risk

Data availability Internal/external security Regulatory compliance

Reducing Costs

Downtime costs Electronic discovery Security breaches Data classification

Improving Service Levels

Technical Reasons for Data Protection

Device Issues

Disk failures Tape media wear, stolen/misplaced tapes Networked storage risks

External Threats

Viruses Worms Trojan horses Accidental deletion Intentional deletion

Backup and Archive What Needs to Be Backed Up? What Needs to Be Archived? Examples of Backup and Archive Can Open-Source Backup Do the Job?

Very Active Filesystems Very Large Filesystems Filesystems with Too Many Files Information Stored in Databases Information Stored on Shared Storage

SAN-based filesystems NAS-based filesystems

Disaster Recovery Everything Starts with the Business

Define the Core Competency of the Organization Prioritize the Business Functions Necessary to Continue the Core Competency Correlate Each System to a Business Function, and Prioritize Define RPO and RTO for Each Critical System Create Consistency Groups Determine for Each Critical System What to Protect from Determine the Costs of an Outage Plan for All Types of Disasters Prepare for Cost Justification

Storage Security

Plain-Text Communication Poor Authentication and Authorization Systems Backup Flaws

Conclusion

Index About the Author Colophon

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