A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome by Irby-Massie, Georgia L. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World Title Page Copyright Contributor Biographies Abbreviations Introduction

1. “Science” in Antiquity 2. A Very Brief History of the “History of Greco-Roman Science” 3. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Greek and Roman Science, Medicine, and Technology 4. Transliterations and Translations 5. Acknowledgments References

Part I: Physics and Cosmogony

Chapter 1: The Creation and Destruction of the World

1. Introduction 2. Myth and Hesiod 3. The Milesians 4. Heraclitus 5. The Hippocratics 6. Eleatics 7. Empedocles 8. Anaxagoras 9. Leucippus and Democritus 10. Plato 11. Aristotle 12. Epicurus and Lucretius 13. Stoics 14. Early Christians 15. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 2: Matter

1. Introduction 2. Matter in the Presocratics 3. Socrates and Plato 4. Aristotle 5. Hellenistic Philosophy 6. Neoplatonism 7. Christian Thought 8. Summary References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 3: Motion and Energy

1. Introduction 2. Mathematical Mechanics up to Archimedes 3. Philosophical Ideas about Motion 4. Archimedes on Motion 5. Mechanics in the Hellenistic Period 6. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 4: Nature and the Divine

1. Introduction 2. Myth and the Birth of “Gods and Earth” 3. Presocratics 4. Plato 5. Stoics 6. Aristotle 7. Neoplatonists 8. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Part II: The Mathematical Sciences

Chapter 5: Mathematics

1. Defining Ancient Greek Mathematics 2. In Lieu of Historical Narrative: Questions of Chronology, Geography, Demography 3. Themes of Greek Mathematics References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 6: Astronomy

1. Some Historiographical Issues 2. Pre-Greek Astronomy 3. Euctemon and Meton 4. Plato 5. Eudoxus 6. Callippus 7. Aristotle 8. Aristarchus 9. Hipparchus 10. Ptolemy 11. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 7: Astrology

1. Astrology as the “Science of the Stars” 2. Formation of Tradition: Mesopotamian Astrology 3. Classical Astrology 4. Astrology in the Roman Empire References Further Reading

Chapter 8: Ancient Optics: Theories and Problems of Vision

1. Introduction 2. Four Kinds of Visual Theory 3. Theories of Color 4. Perception of Size, Shape, Contour, and Distance 5. The Science of Mirrors 6. A Grand Synthesis: Ptolemy’s Optics 7. Postscript References Further Reading

Chapter 9: Hydrostatics and Pneumatics in Antiquity

1. Introduction 2. Technology Practical Knowledge in the Frame of Pneumatics 3. Science 4. Accumulation and Network References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 10: The Science of Harmonics and Music Theory in Ancient Greece

1. Introduction 2. Organization of Musical Space 3. Pythagoreans and Harmonikoi 4. Aristoxenus 5. The Euclidean Sectio Canonis 6. Later Developments References Further Reading

Part III: Earth Sciences

Chapter 11: Hydrology: Ocean, Rivers, and Other Waterways

1. Introduction 2. The Circumambient Ocean 3. The Nature of the Oceans and Seas 4. Rivers 5. Springs and Fountains 6. Floating Islands 7. Conclusion References Further Reading Note

Chapter 12: Classical Geology and the Mines of the Greeks and Romans

1. Introduction 2. Concepts of the Material World 3. Mining 4. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 13: Greco-Egyptian and Byzantine Alchemy

1. Collecting Alchemical Writings in Byzantium: The Art Called Chēmeia 2. The Earliest “Alchemists” (First to Third Centuries CE) 3. Zosimus of Panopolis (fl. circa 250–300 CE) 4. Alchemy after Zosimus (Fourth to Seventh Centuries CE) References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 14: Meteorology

1. Introduction 2. Coping with the Weather 3. Meteōrologia: Explaining Meteorological Phenomena 4. Predicting Weather References Further Reading

Chapter 15: Geography

1. Introduction 2. Early Greek Geography 3. Pytheas, Alexander the Great, and Dicaearchus 4. Eratosthenes 5. Hipparchus 6. The Rise of Rome 8. Strabo 9. After Strabo References Further Reading

Part IV: Life Sciences

Chapter 16: Greek and Roman Botany

1. Introduction 2. Naming Plants in Greece 3. Theophrastus and the Beginning of Scientific Botany 4. After Theophrastus 5. Dioscorides 6. Transition to the Roman World 7. Pliny the Elder 8. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 17: Zoology

1. Introduction 2. A Science Is Born 3. After Aristotle 4. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 18: “Ecology” in the ancient Mediterranean

1. Ancient Near Eastern Approaches 2. Greek and Roman Theories of “Ecology” 3. Human Impact on Ancient Mediterranean Environments 4. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 19: The Failure of Evolutionary Thinking in Antiquity

1. Introduction 2. Empedocles of Acragas 3. Plato 4. Aristotle 5. Galen 6. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 20: Embryology

1. Introduction 2. Approaches to Empirical Research 3. Male and Female Seeds 4. The Origin of the Seed 5. Conception and Embryological Etiology 6. “Preformation” and “Epigenesis” 7. Animation References Further Reading

Part V: Healing and the Human Body

Chapter 21: Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction 2. Babylonian and Egyptian Initiatives 3. The Presocratics and Plato 4. The Hippocratics and Aristotle 5. Hellenistic Initiatives: Human Dissection and Vivisection 6. Codification of Anatomical Knowledge 7. Galen 8. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 22: Gynecology

1. Greek and Roman Gynecological Theory 2. Greek and Roman Gynecological Prescriptions 3. Greek and Roman Practitioners of Gynecology and Obstetrics 4. Religious and Magical Approaches to Women’s Medicine 5. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 23: Surgery

1. Introduction 2. The First Literary Sources 3. The Alexandrian Revolution and Egyptian Myth 4. Surgery in Roman Times: Celsus’ Latin Encyclopedia 5. The Galenic Corpus 6. Later Compilations 7. Surgery as Craft 8. Ethical Questions 9. Tools and Techniques 10. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 24: Physicians and “Schools”

1. The Ancient Physician 2. “Schools” of Medicine References Further Reading

Chapter 25: Pharmacy

1. Introduction 2. Pharmaceutical Writings 3. Drug Trade 4. Folklore 5. Practitioners 6. Compounding Pharmaceuticals 7. Administration 8. Alexipharmaka (Antidotes) and Anesthesia 9. Conclusions References Further Reading

Chapter 26: Magic, Curses, and Healing

1. Polytheistic Context 2. Natural Magic 3. Extended World 4. The Historiography of Magic 5. What Is Magic? 6. Greek and Roman Words 7. Homer and Hesiod 8. Binding Magic and Curses 9. Disease 10. General Attack? 11. Macrocosm and Microcosm 12. Prognosis and Prophesy 13. Shamanism in Classical Antiquity? 14. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 27: Healing Shrines

1. Introduction 2. Healing Deities and Their Shrines 3. Incubation: “The Medical Art Consists of Sacred Dream-Visions” 4. Isis, Sarapis, and Hemithea 5. Apollo Epikourios 6. Heros Iatros and Amphiaraos 7. Anatomical Votives and Specialist Healing Temples References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 28: Regimen and Athletic Training

1. Introduction 2. Paidotribēs 3. Gymnastēs 4. The Hippocratic Corpus 5. Gymnastic Writing in the Hellenistic and Early Imperial Periods 6. Galen 7. Philostratus References Further Reading

Chapter 29: Epidemiology and Pathology

1. Introduction 2. Written Sources 3. Artistic Representations 4. Osteoarchaeological Evidence 5. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 30: Psychology and Physiognomics

1. Introduction 2. Ontology and Physics 3. Psychology in the “Modern Sense” 4. Physiognomics References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 31: Anthropology: Knowledge of Man

1. Introduction 2. Origins 3. Prehistory and the Development of Society 4. Lucretius 5. Ethnography 6. Conclusion References Further Reading

Part VI: Food Sciences

Chapter 32: Greek and Roman Agriculture

1. Introduction 2. Earth, Water, and Time 3. Cereals and Legumes 4. Vines and Tree Crops 5. Vegetables, Herbs, and Other Plants 6. Animals 7. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 33: Animal Husbandry

1. Introduction 2. Ovicaprids: Sheep and Goats 3. Cattle 4. Pigs 5. Horses 6. Mules 7. Donkeys 8. Dogs 9. Small Animal Husbandry 10. Aquatic Husbandry 11. Exotics References Further Reading

Chapter 34: Oil and Wine Production

1. Introduction 2. Origin and Domestication of the Vine (Vitis vinefera L) 3. The Origin of the Olive (Olea europaea L.) 4. Olive and Vine Cultivation 5. Pickled Olives and Raisins 6. The Production of Wine and Oil 7. Oil Presses and True Wine Presses 8. Written Sources 9. Oil Separation 10. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 35: Cooking and Baking Technology

1. Introduction 2. Paleolithic 3. Neolithic 4. Bronze Age (circa 3000–1100 BCE) 5. Bronze Age Bread Baking 6. Iron Age (circa 1100–700 BCE) 7. Archaic and Classical Periods (circa 700–323 BCE) 8. The Archaic and Classical “Kitchen” 9. Archaic and Classical Baking 10. Hellenistic Period (323–31 BCE) 11. Republican and Imperial Rome (circa 200 BCE to 480 CE) 12. Roman Baking 13. Late Antiquity References Further Reading

Chapter 36: Food Storage Technology

1. Introduction 2. Storage Containers 3. Built Structures 4. Storing Wine and Oil 5. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 37: Culinary and Medicinal Uses of Wine and Olive Oil

1. Introduction 2. Processing and Production of Wine and Olive Oil 3. Culinary Uses of Wine 4. Culinary Uses of Olive Oil 5. Greco-Roman Medicine and Health 6. Medicinal Uses of Wine 7. Medicinal Uses of Oil 8. The Question of Efficacy References Further Reading

Chapter 38: Nutrition

1. Introduction 2. Hippocrates, Galen, and the “Powers” of Foods 3. The Hippocratic Corpus 4. Galen 5. Bioarchaeology and Nutrition 6. Advances through Technology 7. Bioarchaeology and Nutritional Deficiencies References Further Reading

Part VII: Technology of Human Life

Chapter 39: Greek Public and Religious Architecture

1. Materials and Forms 2. Patrons and Architects 3. Construction 4. Building and Knowledge References Further Reading

Chapter 40: Greek Domestic Architecture

Building Technology: Domesticating Raw Materials Architectural Syntax: Domesticating Space Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 41: Greek Interior Decoration: Materials and Technology in the Art of Cosmesis and Display

1. Introduction 2. The Private Interior Space: Function and Decoration 3. Elements of Fixed Interior Decoration 4. Movable Artworks and Artifacts 5. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 42: Roman Monumental and Public Architecture

1. Introduction 2. The Beginnings 3. Building Materials 4. Innovative Building Types 5. The Arch, Vault, and Dome 6. Architecture as Power: Rome in the Last Years of the Republic 7. Early Roman Building outside Rome 8. Augustan and Julio-Claudian Rome 9. The Role of the Allied Kings 10. Roman Architecture in the Provinces 11. Later Roman Architecture References Further Reading

Chapter 43: Roman Domestic Architecture

1. Introduction 2. Treatises on Architecture and Building Manuals 3. Design 4. Construction Techniques and Building Materials 5. The Roman Domus: Between Theory and Practice 6. Beyond the Atrium House Acknowledgments References Further Reading

Chapter 44: Roman Interior Design

1. Introduction 2. Roman Rooms 3. Painting 4. Stucco 5. Color (Pigments and Dyes) 6. Mosaics 7. Glass 8. Windows 9. Stone 10. Metals 11. Wood 12. Summary References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 45: Textile Technology

1. Introduction 2. Historiographical Note 2. Sources, Methods, and Advances 3. State of the Art of Knowledge on Textile and Clothing Technologies References Further Reading

Chapter 46: Urban Infrastructure in the Roman World

1. Introduction 2. Water Supply 3. Road Construction 4. Bridge Construction 5. Tunnel Construction 6. Shipping Canals 7. Summary References Further Reading

Chapter 47: Siegeworks and Fortifications

1. Fortifications 2. Siegeworks References Further Reading

Chapter 48: Arms and Weapons

1. Introduction 2. The Bronze Age 3. The Dark Ages, Geometric, and Archaic Periods 4. The Classical and Hellenistic Age 5. The Roman Empire References Further Reading

Part VIII: Travel

Chapter 49: Greek and Roman Cartography

1. Introduction 2. Challenges 3. Utility 4. Homer 5. Milesian Maps 6. Herodotus 7. Eratosthenes and Hipparchus 8. Ptolemy 9. Periploi, Itineraries, and Chorographies 10. Celestial and Terrestrial Globes 11. Physical Maps 12. “Maps” in Greek and Roman Culture 13. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 50: Land Transport and Vehicles

1. Historiography and Epistemological Problems 2. Putting Methods and Sources into Perspective 3. Comparative Ethnology and Ethno-History 4. Mechanics of Forces 5. The Energy Potential of Portage and Traction 6. Functional Typology of Harnessed Transport 7. The Diversity of Vehicles 8. Customs, Contexts and Costs: Reality and Practical Applications in the Transportation of People and Merchandise (Raepsaet 2002) 9. Roads 10. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 51: Navigation and the Art of Sailing

1. Introduction 2. Officers of the Deck: Kybernētēs, Keleustēs, and Prōratēs 3. Moving the Vessel 4. Anchorages and Harbors 5. Sea Conditions: The Sailing Season, Winds, and Storms 6. Navigation 7. Maritime Highways and “Charts” 8. Conclusion References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 52: Ships and Boats

1. Introduction 2. Sources 3. Shipbuilding Summary 4. Mediterranean Sailing Rigs Oared Propulsion Square Sails 5. Patterns of Technological Change 6. Conclusion References Further Reading

Part IX: Telling Time

Chapter 53: Greek Calendars

1. Introduction 2. Sources for the Study of the Greek Calendar 3. The Calendar and the Sky 4. Months and Years across Greece 5. The Athenian Prytany Calendar 6. Meton, Cycles, and the Influence of Astronomical Calendars 7. The Greek Calendar in Flux 8. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 54: Roman Calendars

1. Introduction 2. The Pre-Julian Calendar 3. The Julian Calendar 4. Intercalation in the Julian Calendar 5. Festivals in the New Calendar References Further Reading

Chapter 55: Time-Telling Devices

1. Sundials 2. Timers 3. Water Clocks References Further Reading

Part X: Synthesis and Response

Chapter 56: The Crossroads of Hellenistic and Sanskrit Science

1. Introduction 2. Pre-Hellenistic Scientific Developments 3. Mathematics 4. Alexander in India 5. Yavana Jātaka Acknowledgments References Further Reading

Chapter 57: Roman Responses to Greek Science and Scholarship as a Cultural and Political Phenomenon

1. Introduction 2. Cicero 3. Vitruvius 4. Columella 5. Pliny the Elder 6. Responses to Non-Greek Science 7. Conclusion References Further Reading

Chapter 58: Scientific Encyclopedias

1. Introduction: Defining the Term “Scientific Encyclopedia” 2. Encyclopedism and Science under the Peripatetic School 3. The Tradition of Latin Encyclopedism 4. Greco-Roman Imperial Culture 5. Conclusion: The Role of Scientific Encyclopedias in the Transmission of Greco-Roman Science References Further Reading Notes

Chapter 59: Translation and Transmission of Ancient Scientific Texts

1. Introduction 2. Translators and Modes of Translating 3. Multivalent Texts 4. Institutions 5. Narrating the Translation and Transformation of the Ancient Sciences References Further Reading

Chapter 60: The Reception of Greco-Roman Science in the Renaissance: Assimilation(s), Transformation(s), Rejection, Hybridization

1. Introduction 2. The Reception of Greek Logic and Epistemology in Early Modern Debates on Method 3. Physics 4. Mechanics 5. Medicine 6. Conclusion References Further Reading Note

Appendix: Major Scientific, Technical, and Medical Writers and Thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome General Index Index of Authors, Thinkers, and Primary Sources Index of Toponyms EULA

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