The Heritage of World Civilizations · Brief · 5th Edition Combined Volume by Albert M. Craig, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

D OCUMENTS M APS P REFACE A BOUT THE A UTHORS Part 1 Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E . CHAPTER 1 The Birth of Civilization

Early Humans and Their Culture Global Perspective: Civilizations The Paleolithic Age The Neolithic Age The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E . Mesopotamian Civilization A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map Egyptian Civilization Ancient Near Eastern Empires The Hittites The Kassites The Mitannians The Assyrians The Second Assyrian Empire The Neo-Babylonians Early Indian Civilization The Indus Civilization The Vedic Aryan Civilization Early Chinese Civilization Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley Early Bronze Age: The Shang Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou The Rise of Civilization in the Americas Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 2 Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion

Comparing the Four Great Revolutions Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion Philosophy in China Confucianism Daoism Legalism Religion in India “Hindu” and “Indian” Historical Background The Upanishadic Worldview Mahavira and the Jain Tradition The Buddha’s Middle Path A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama as Fasting Ascetic (Second Century C.E .) The Religion of the Israelites From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation The Monotheistic Revolution Greek Philosophy Reason and the Scientific Spirit Political and Moral Philosophy Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Judaism

Part 2 Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E . to 500 C.E . CHAPTER 3 Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

Global Perspective: The Achievements of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization Minoans, Mycenaeans, and the Greek “Middle Ages” to ca. 750 B.C.E . The Minoans The Mycenaeans The Age of Homer The Polis in the Expanding Greek World Development of the Polis The Hoplite Phalanx Greek Colonies The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B.C.E .) Life in Archaic Greece Society Religion The Alphabet Poetry The Poleis and the Persian Wars Development of Sparta Development of Athens The Persian Wars War Comes to Greece A Closer Look: The Trireme Classical Greece The Delian League The First Peloponnesian War The Athenian Empire and Democracy Women of Athens The Great Peloponnesian War Struggle for Greek Leadership Classical Culture Emergence of the Hellenistic World Macedonian Conquest Alexander’s Conquests Death of Alexander Hellenistic Culture Philosophy Literature Architecture and Sculpture Mathematics and Science Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 4 West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E .

Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles in the Eurasian World before Islam W EST AND I NNER A SIA Ancient Background and the First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau (550–330 B.C.E .) The Elamites The Iranian Peoples Ancient Iranian Religion Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition The Achaemenids The Achaemenid State The Achaemenid Economy Successor States and Steppe Peoples The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East (c. 312–63 B.C.E .) The Parthian Arsacid Empire (ca. 247 B.C.E .–223 C.E .) The Indo-Greeks Scythians and Kushans The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E .) The Sasanids Society and Economy Religion Later Sasanid Developments S OUTH A SIA The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas (321–185 B.C.E .) Political Background The Mauryas A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath The Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E .–300 C.E .) The Economic Base High Culture Religion and Society The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E .) Gupta Rule Gupta Culture Religion and Society Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Hinduism

CHAPTER 5 Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E .

Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples and Nontraditional Histories Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines The Question of “Civilization” Source Issues History and Disciplinary Boundaries Physical Description of the Continent African Peoples Africa and Early Human Culture Diffusion of Languages and Peoples “Race” and Physiological Variation The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era Early Saharan Cultures Neolithic Sudanic Cultures The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands The Kingdom of Kush The Napatan Empire The Meroitic Empire The Aksumite Empire Isolation of Christian Ethiopia The Western and Central Sudan Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First Millennium Central, Southern, and East Africa Bantu Expansion and Diffusion The Khoisan and Twa Peoples East Africa A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from Tassili n-Ajjer (4000–2000 B.C.E .) Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 6 Republican and Imperial Rome

Global Perspective: Republican and Imperial Rome Italy Before Rome Royal Rome Government Family Clientage Patricians and Plebeians The Republic Constitution A Closer Look: Lictors The Struggle of the Orders Conquest of Italy Rome and Carthage The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World Greek Cultural Influence Roman Imperialism Aftermath of Conquest The Gracchi Marius and Sulla War against the Italian Allies (90–88 B.C.E .) Sulla’s Dictatorship Arts and Letters of the Late Republic The Fall of the Republic and the Augustan Principate Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar First Triumvirate and the Dictatorship of Julius Caesar Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian The Augustan Principate Augustan Administration, Army, and Defense Religion and Morality The Golden Age of Roman Literature Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome Administration of the Empire Culture of the Early Empire Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Paul of Tarsus Organization Persecution of Christians Emergence of Catholicism Rome as a Center of the Early Church The Third and Fourth Centuries: Crisis and Late Empire Military Reorganization Economic, Social, and Political Costs of Defense Preservation of Classical Culture The Late Empire: Diocletian to Constantine Triumph of Christianity Christian Writers Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 7 China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E .–589 C.E .

Qin Unification of China Global Perspective: China’s First Empire Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E .–8 C.E .) The Dynastic Cycle Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First Qin Emperor Han Wudi The Xiongnu Government during the Former Han The Silk Road Decline and Usurpation Later Han (25–220 C.E .) and Its Aftermath First Century Decline during the Second Century Aftermath of Empire Han Thought and Religion Han Confucianism History Neo-Daoism Buddhism Summary Key Terms Review Questions

Part 3 Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E . to 1500 C.E . CHAPTER 8 Imperial China, 589–1368

Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties The Sui Dynasty Global Perspective: Imperial China The Tang Dynasty The Tang Empire Tang Culture A Closer Look: A Tang Painting of the Goddess of Mercy Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279) Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free Farmers Commercial Revolution of the Song Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy Song Culture China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) Rise of the Mongol Empire Mongol Rule in China Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture Last Years of the Yuan Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 9 Early Japanese History

Japanese Origins The Jōmon, Japan’s Old Stone Age The Yayoi Revolution Global Perspective: East Asia Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea Religion in Early Japan Nara and Heian Japan Court Government People, Land, and Taxes Rise of the Samurai Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism Chinese Tradition in Japan Birth of Japanese Literature Nara and Heian Buddhism Japan’s Early Feudal Age The Kamakura Era The Mongols The Question of Feudalism The Ashikaga Era A Closer Look: The East Meets the East Women in Warrior Society Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds Buddhism and Medieval Culture Japanese Pietism: Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism Zen Buddhism Nō Plays Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Buddhism

CHAPTER 10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000

Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds of Arab and Persian Cultures Origins and Early Development The Setting Muhammad and the Qur’an Women in Early Islamic Society Early Islamic Conquests Course of Conquest Factors of Success The New Islamic World Order The Caliphate The Ulama A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Interior) The Umma The High Caliphate The Abbasid State Society Decline Islamic Culture in the Classical Era Intellectual Traditions Language and Literature Art and Architecture Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 11 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000

The End of the Western Roman Empire Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages The Byzantine Empire The Reign of Justinian The Importance of Constantinople The Height of Byzantine Imperial Power in the Tenth Century The Religious Diversity of Christendom The Impact of Islam on East and West Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization The Western Debt to Islam The Developing Roman Church Monastic Culture The Doctrine of Papal Primacy Division of Christendom The Kingdom of the Franks Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover Feudal Society Origins Vassalage and the Fief Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 12 The Islamic World, 1000–1500

Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500 T HE I SLAMIC H EARTLANDS Religion and Society Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy Sufi Piety and Organization Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions Regional Developments Spain, North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean Islamic World Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World: The Fatimids and the Mamluks The Islamic East: Asia before the Mongol Conquests A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies ( Maqamat ) Islamic Asia in the Mongol Age The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands I SLAMIC I NDIA AND S OUTHEAST A SIA The Spread of Islam to South Asia Muslim-Hindu Encounter Islamic States and Dynasties Southeast Asia Religious and Cultural Accommodation Hindu and Other Indian Traditions Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 13 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas

Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization Mesoamerica: The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization Mesoamerican Ballgames The Olmec The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican Calendar The Classic Period in Mesoamerica Teotihuacán A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán The Maya The Post-Classic Period The Toltecs The Aztecs Andean South America: The Preceramic and Initial Periods Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon The Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, and Late Intermediate Periods Nazca Moche Tiwanaku and Huari The Chimu Empire The Inca Empire Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 14 Africa ca. 1000–1700

Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700 North Africa and Egypt The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan Ghana Mali Songhai Kanem and Kanem-Bornu The Eastern Sudan The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example of Benin European Arrivals on the Coastlands: Senegambia and the Gold Coast A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief and Two Attendants Central Africa: The Kongo Kingdom and Angola East Africa Swahili Culture and Commerce The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar Southern Africa Southeastern Africa: “Great Zimbabwe” The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa South Africa: The Cape Colony Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 15 Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance

Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages in Western Europe Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns Otto I and the Revival of the Empire The Reviving Catholic Church: The Cluny Reform Movement and the Investiture Struggle The Crusades Towns and Townspeople A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint Medieval Society The Order of Life Medieval Women Growth of National Monarchies England: Hastings (1066) to Magna Carta (1215) France: Bouvines (1214) to the Reign of Louis IX The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272) Political and Social Breakdown Hundred Years’ War The Black Death Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism Humanism Renaissance Art in and Beyond Italy Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527) Niccolò Machiavelli Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century Medieval Russia France Spain England Summary Key Terms Review Questions

Part 4 The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850 CHAPTER 16 Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars

Global Perspective: European Expansion The Discovery of a New World The Portuguese Chart the Course The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus Impact on Europe and America The Reformation Religion and Society Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church Secular Control over Religious Life The Northern Renaissance Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation Anabaptists and Radical Protestants John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation The English Reformation to 1553 Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation The Reformation and Daily Life Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life Family Life in Early Modern Europe A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary of the Sexes The Wars of Religion French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556–1598) England and Spain (1558–1603) The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within Witch Hunts and Panic Writers and Philosophers Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Christianity

CHAPTER 17 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy

Global Perspective: The Atlantic World Periods of European Overseas Expansion Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire Varieties of Economic Activity Commercial Regulation and the Flota System Colonial Brazil French and British Colonies in North America The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture Diseases Enter the Americas Animals and Agriculture Slavery in the Americas The Background of Slavery Establishment of Slavery The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade Slavery on the Plantations Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade Slavery and Slaving in Africa The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade The Extent of the Slave Trade A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era L ATE I MPERIAL C HINA Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties Land and People China’s Third Commercial Revolution Political System Ming–Qing Foreign Relations Ming–Qing Culture J APAN Warring States Era (1467–1600) War of All Against All Foot Soldier Revolution Foreign Relations and Trade Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries A Closer Look: Bridal Procession Tokugawa Culture K OREA AND V IETNAM Korea Early History Choson Dynasty Vietnam Vietnam in Southeast Asia Vietnamese Origins A Millennium of Chinese Rule: 111 B.C.E .–939 C.E . An Independent Vietnam The March South Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 19 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe

Global Perspective: Early Modern Europe European Political Consolidation Two Models of European Political Development Toward Parliamentary Government in England The “Glorious Revolution” Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV Years of Personal Rule A Closer Look: Versailles Russia Enters the European Political Arena Birth of the Romanov Dynasty Peter the Great The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction The Rise of Prussia European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict The Wars of Louis XIV The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena War of Jenkins’s Ear The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) The Old Regime Hierarchy and Privilege Aristocracy Peasants and Serfs Family Structures and the Family Economy The Family Economy Women and the Family Economy The Revolution in Agriculture New Crops and New Methods Population Expansion The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution: An Event in World History Industrial Leadership of Great Britain European Cities Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization Urban Classes The Jewish Population: Age of the Ghetto Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 20 The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500–1800

Global Perspective: The Last Great Islamic Empires The Ottoman Empire and the East Mediterranean World Origins and Development of the Ottoman State Before 1600 The “Classical” Ottoman Order After Süleyman: Challenges and Change The Decline of Ottoman Military and Political Power The Safavid Empire and the West Asian World Origins Shah Abbas I Safavid Decline Culture and Learning The Mughals Origins Akbar’s Reign The Last Great Mughals Sikhs and Marathas Political Decline Religious Developments A Closer Look: The Mughal Emperor Jahangir Honoring a Muslim Saint over Kings and Emperors Central Asia: Islamization in the Post-Timur Era Uzbeks and Chaghatays Consequences of the Shi’ite Rift Power Shifts in the Southern Oceans Southern-Oceans Trade Control of the Southern Seas The East Indies: Acheh Summary Key Terms Review Questions

Part 5 Enlightenment and Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1700–1850 CHAPTER 21 The Age of European Enlightenment

The Scientific Revolution Global Perspective: The European Enlightenment Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution John Locke The Enlightenment Voltaire The Encyclopedia The Enlightenment and Religion Deism Toleration Islam in Enlightenment Thought The Enlightenment and Society Montesquieu and The Spirit of the Laws Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress Rousseau Enlightened Critics of European Empire Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment Enlightened Absolutism Joseph II of Austria A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist Appeals to the Ancient World Catherine the Great of Russia The Partition of Poland Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 22 Revolutions in the Transatlantic World

Revolution in the British Colonies in North America Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue Global Perspective: The Transatlantic Revolutions American Political Ideas Crisis and Independence Revolution in France Revolutions of 1789 A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order Reconstruction of France A Second Revolution The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath The Napoleonic Era The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement Wars of Independence in Latin America Revolution in Haiti Eighteenth-Century Developments in the Spanish Empire First Movements toward Independence on the South American Continent San Martín in Río de la Plata Simón Bolívar’s Liberation of Venezuela Independence in New Spain Brazilian Independence Toward the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 23 Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America

Global Perspective: European and North American Political Consolidation The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe Creating Nations Meaning of Nationhood Regions of Nationalistic Pressure in Europe Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism Politics Economics Relationship of Nationalism and Liberalism Liberalism and Nationalism in Modern World History Efforts to Liberalize Early Nineteenth-Century European Political Structures Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and the Autocracy of Nicholas I Revolution in France (1830) The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) 1848: Year of Revolutions in Europe Testing the New American Republic Toward Sectional Conflict Slavery The Abolitionist Movement The Civil War The Canadian Experience Road to Self-Government Keeping a Distinctive Culture Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe The Crimean War Italian Unification A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled German Unification The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism Summary Key Terms Review Questions

Part 6 Into the Modern World, 1815–1949 CHAPTER 24 Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815–1914

Global Perspective: The Building of Northern Transatlantic Supremacy European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Nineteenth-Century European Women Women in the Early Industrial Revolution Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women New Employment Patterns for Women Late Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Women The Rise of Political Feminism Jewish Emancipation Early Steps to Equal Citizenship Broadened Opportunities European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I The Working Classes in the Late Nineteenth Century Marxist Critique of the Industrial Order Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism Great Britain: The Labour Party and Fabianism Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, Saint Petersburg, 1905 European Socialism in World History North America and the New Industrial Economy European Immigration to the United States Unions: Organization of Labor The Progressives Social Reform The Progressive Presidency The Emergence of Modern European Thought Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection The Revolution in Physics Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason The Birth of Psychoanalysis Islam and Late Nineteenth-Century European Thought Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 25 Latin America from Independence to the 1940s

Independence Without Revolution Immediate Consequences of Latin American Independence Global Perspective: Latin American History Absence of Social Change Control of the Land Submissive Political Philosophies Economy of Dependence New Exploitation of Resources Increased Foreign Ownership and Influence Economic Crises and New Directions Search for Political Stability Three National Histories Argentina Mexico A Closer Look: Benito Juarez Brazil Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 26 India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800–1945

Global Perspective: The Challenge of Modernity: India, Islam, and Africa T HE I NDIAN E XPERIENCE British Dominance and Colonial Rule Building the Empire: The First Half of the Nineteenth Century British-Indian Relations From British Crown Raj to Independence The Burden of Crown Rule Indian Resistance Hindu-Muslim Friction on the Road to Independence A Closer Look: Gandhi and His Spinning Wheel T HE I SLAMIC E XPERIENCE Declining Islamic Power and Independence The Case of Iran Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment Purification and Revival of Islam Integration of Western and Islamic Ideas Emulation of the West Women and Reform in the Middle East Nationalism T HE A FRICAN E XPERIENCE New Power Centers and Islamic Reform Movements Southern Africa East and Central Africa West Africa Islamic Reform Movements Patterns in European Colonization and African Resistance European Explorers and Christian Missionaries The Colonial “Scramble for Africa” European Colonial Rule African Resistance The Rise of African Nationalism Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Islam

CHAPTER 27 Modern East Asia

Global Perspective: Modern East Asia M ODERN J APAN (1853–1945) Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853–1868) A Closer Look: East Meets the West Building the Meiji State (1868–1890) Centralization of Power Political Parties The Constitution Growth of a Modern Economy First Phase: Model Industries Second Phase: 1880s–1890s Third Phase: 1905–1929 Fourth Phase: Depression and Recovery The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890–1945) From Confrontation to the Founding of the Seiyūkai (1890–1900) The Golden Years of Meiji Rise of the Parties to Power Militarism and War (1927–1945) Japanese Militarism and German Nazism M ODERN C HINA (1839–1949) Close of Manchu Rule The Opium War Rebellions against the Manchu Self-Strengthening and Decline (1874–1895) The Borderlands: The Northwest, Vietnam, and Korea From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895–1926) Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement Nationalist China Guomindang Unification of China and the Nanjing Decade (1927–1937) War and Revolution (1937–1949) Summary Key Terms Review Questions

Part 7 Global Conflict and Change, 1900–Present CHAPTER 28 Imperialism and World War I

Expansion of European Power and the “New Imperialism” Global Perspective: Imperialism and the Great War The New Imperialism Motives for the New Imperialism The “Scramble for Africa” The New Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific Emergence of the German Empire Formation of the Triple Alliance (1873–1890) Bismarck’s Leadership (1873–1890) Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907) World War I The Road to War (1908–1914) Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June–August 1914) Strategies and Stalemate (1914–1917) A Closer Look: The Development of the Armored Tank The Russian Revolution End of World War I Military Resolution Settlement at Paris Evaluation of the Peace Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 29 Depression, European Dictators, and the American New Deal

After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement Global Perspective: The Interwar Period in Europe and the United States Toward the Great Depression in Europe Financial Tailspin Problems in Agricultural Commodities Depression and Government Policy The Soviet Experiment War Communism The New Economic Policy Stalin versus Trotsky Decision for Rapid Industrialization The Purges The Fascist Experiment in Italy Rise of Mussolini The Fascists in Power German Democracy and Dictatorship The Weimar Republic Depression and Political Deadlock Hitler Comes to Power Hitler’s Consolidation of Power The Police State Women in Nazi Germany A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally The Great Depression and the New Deal in the United States Economic Collapse New Role for Government Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 30 World War II

Again the Road to War (1933–1939) Hitler’s Goals Global Perspective: World War II Weakness of the Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations Italy Attacks Ethiopia Remilitarization of the Rhineland The Spanish Civil War Austria and Czechoslovakia Failure of Appeasement The Nazi-Soviet Pact World War II (1939–1945) German Conquest of Europe Battle of Britain German Attack on Russia Hitler’s Europe Racism and the Holocaust The Road to Pearl Harbor and America’s Entry into the War The Tide Turns Defeat of Nazi Germany Fall of the Japanese Empire The Cost of War The Domestic Fronts Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance Great Britain: Organization for Victory The United States: American Women and African Americans in the War Effort A Closer Look: Rosie the Riveter The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” Preparations for Peace The Atlantic Charter Tehran Yalta Potsdam Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 31 The West Since World War II

Global Perspective: The West Since 1945 The Cold War Era Areas of Early Cold War Conflict NATO and the Warsaw Pact Crises of 1956 The Cold War Intensified Détente and Afterward Toward Western European Unification European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century and Beyond Toward a Welfare State Society Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State The Movement of Peoples The New Muslim Population New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women American Domestic Scene Since World War II Truman and Eisenhower Administrations Civil Rights New Social Programs The Vietnam War, Domestic Turmoil, and Watergate The Triumph of Political Conservatism The Soviet Union to 1989 The Khrushchev and Brezhnev Years Communism and Solidarity in Poland Gorbachev Attempts to Redirect the Soviet Union 1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe Solidarity Reemerges in Poland Hungary Moves toward Independence The Breach of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia Violent Revolution in Romania A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall The Collapse of the Soviet Union Renunciation of Communist Political Monopoly The August 1991 Coup and the Yeltsin Years Putin Tests Russian Power The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War Challenges to the Atlantic Alliance Challenges on the International Security Front Strains over Environmental Policy Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 32 East Asia: The Recent Decades

Global Perspective: Modern East Asia Japan The Occupation Parliamentary Politics Economic Growth Society and Culture Japan and the World China Soviet Period (1950–1960) A Closer Look: Trial of a Landlord The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965–1976) Politics and Society after Mao China’s Economy after Mao Foreign Relations after Mao Taiwan Korea Korea as a Japanese Colony North and South The Korean War and U.S. Involvement South Korea: Growth and Democracy North Korea Vietnam The Colonial Backdrop The Anticolonial War The Vietnam War War with Cambodia Recent Developments Summary Key Terms Review Questions

CHAPTER 33 Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East

Beyond the Postcolonial Era Global Perspective: Democratization, Globalization, and Terrorism Latin America Since 1945 Revolutionary Challenges: Cuba, Chile, and Nicaragua Pursuit of Stability under the Threat of Revolution: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico Continuity and Change in Recent Latin American History A Closer Look: Mexican Farmers Protest the North American Free Trade Agreement Postcolonial Africa The Transition to Independence Striving for Stability and Civil Society: Nigeria, South Africa, Congo, and Rwanda The African Future Trade and Development The Islamic Heartlands from North Africa to Indonesia Turkey Iran and Its Islamic Revolution Afghanistan and the Former Soviet Republics India Pakistan and Bangladesh Indonesia and Malaysia The Postcolonial Middle East Postcolonial Arab Nations in the Middle East The Arab-Israeli Conflict Middle Eastern Oil The Rise of Militant Islamism The Modern Middle Eastern Background Iraq: Intervention and Occupation Summary Key Terms Review Questions S UGGESTED R EADINGS C REDITS I NDEX

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