Muslim Identities by Hughes, Aaron W. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Religious Studies and the Academic Study of Islam

September 11 and the Quest for a Normative Islam The Insider–Outsider Debate Critics Versus Caretakers The “Authenticity Debate” in Islamic Studies Identity Formations Islam and Muslim Identities On Diversity

Part I. Origins

1. Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia

Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabian Religions Pre-Islamic Mecca Monotheisms in Arabia Later Muslim Accounts of Islamic Origins Outsider and Skeptical Approaches to Islamic Origins Islamic Origins: A Synthetic Approach

2. The Making of the Last Prophet

Sources Muhammad at Mecca Muhammad at Medina Muhammad and the Jews of Medina Muhammad’s Wives The Return to Mecca and Death of Muhammad The Making of the Last Prophet Polemical Literature Against Muhammad The Deeds and Sayings of Muhammad: The Genre of Hadith Representing Muhammad

3. The Quran: The Base Narrative

Overview Traditional Accounts The Critical View The Linguistic Matrix of the Ancient Near East Why Don’t Muslims Have an “Old Testament”? Messages and Contents The Inimitability of the Quran The Quran in Muslim Life Tafsir: Commentary on the Quran Ta’wil: Esoteric Interpretation of the Quran

Part II. Identity Formations

4. Islam Beyond the Arabian Peninsula: A Historical Overview

The Death of Muhammad and the Seeds of Division The Events at the Portico of the Banu Sa‘ida The Four Rashidun Abd al-Malik and the Creation of an Islamic Empire Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period The Abbasid Caliphate Al-Andalus, or Muslim Spain Independent Emirates The View from the Edge The Ottoman Empire

5. Early Sectarianism and the Formation of Shi‘ism

Wilferd Madelung’s The Succession to Muhammad The Events at the Portico of the Banu Sa‘ida: A Pro-Shi‘i View Shi‘at Ali The Events at Karbala The Ghulat The Importance of Ja‘far al-Sadiq The Role of the Imam The Twelfth Imam Shi‘i Dynasties Twelver Shi‘ism Other Shi‘i Denominations Distinctive Doctrines

6. Legal Developments and the Rise of Sunni Islam

The Origins of Islamic Law: Two Approaches Understanding the Concept of Law in Islam “Hadith Folk” and the Emergence of Sunni Islam The Importance of Muhammad al-Shafi‘i Guardians of the Law: The Rise and Function of the Ulama Naskh Sources of Ascertaining the Sharia The Closing of the Gates of Ijtihad The Four Madhahib Shi‘i Legal Schools Al-Azhar: The Center of Sunni Learning Today

7. Sufism

Locating Sufism The Expansion–Asceticism Theory Sources of the Ascetic Impulse Geographic Diversity Key Terms and Concepts The Stations of Progression “Sober” and “Intoxicated” Sufism Some Key Figures Institutional Sufism Conservative Criticism of Sufism Lived Sufism Today

Part III. Beliefs and Practices

8. Constituting Identities: Beliefs and Schools

The Rise of Muslim Theology (Kalam) The Status of the Grave Sinner Free Will and Predestination Mutazilites and the Doctrine of the Created Quran Ahmad ibn Hanbal The Asharites The Maturidis Medieval Islamic Philosophy The Five Doctrines of Islamic Faith

9. The Performance of Muslim Identities

The Mosque Ritual Action The Five Pillars A Sixth Pillar: The Case of Jihad Ritual Practice in Shi‘ism Muhammad’s Birthday “Popular” Islam Sufism

Part IV. Modern Variations

10. Encounters with Modernity

Definitions of Modernity Colonialism and Orientalism Maximalism and Minimalism The Versatility of Islam in the Modern World: An Overview Typology of Responses to Modernity

11. Constructing Muslim Women

Modern Attempts to Re-create Women’s Lives During the Time of Muhammad Gender and the Construction of Female Mystics The Veil: A Contested Symbol Traditional Patterns Fundamentalist Constructions Western Feminism and Islam Contemporary Islamic Feminism

12. Islam Post–September 11

Militant Voices: The Case of al-Qaeda Interpreting the Events of September 11 Islamophobia Muslim Apologetics: The Need to Define a Liberal Islam The Future

Glossary Index