[California Studies in Food and Culture 05] • Safe Food · Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism by Nestle, Marion -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE 2010 EDITION

A NOTE ON THE NOTES

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION FOOD SAFETY IS POLITICAL

THE STARLINK CORN AFFAIR The Safety Issue: Allergenicity Implications for Stakeholders Implications for Food Safety Politics: Themes PERCEPTIONS OF FOOD SAFETY RISK: THE “TWO-CULTURE” PROBLEM Science-Based Approaches: Counting Cases and Costs Value-Based Approaches: Estimating Dread and Outrage The Precautionary Principle: Look Before You Leap ABOUT THIS BOOK

PART ONE RESISTING FOOD SAFETY

CHAPTER 1 THE POLITICS OF FOODBORNE ILLNESS

MICROBES IN FOOD: FRIENDS AND FOES

Counting Cases and Estimating Costs Raising the Stakes: Food Sources and Virulence Introducing E. coli O157:H7

REVOLUTIONIZING THE FOOD SYSTEM

Concentrating Production Abusing Antibiotics Evolving Dietary Preferences and Demographics Arguing for a Historical Perspective

THE ORIGINS OF FEDERAL OVERSIGHT, 1875–1906 UNDERSTANDING FOOD SAFETY OVERSIGHT

CHAPTER 2 RESISTING MEAT AND POULTRY REGULATION, 1974–1994

THE USDA’S HISTORIC MISSION: PROMOTING FOOD PRODUCTION THE USDA REJECTS SAFE HANDLING LABELS: APHA v. BUTZ, 1974 GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE PROPOSES HACCP: “A RADICALLY DIFFERENT METHOD” SCIENTISTS RECOMMEND HACCP: A SCIENCE-BASED METHOD USDA TRIES “DISCRETIONARY” INSPECTIONS, 1986–1989 E. COLI O157:H7 OUTBREAK INDUCES ACTION: JACK IN THE BOX, 1992–1993 PUBLIC PRESSURES OVERCOME INDUSTRY RESISTANCE: SAFE HANDLING LABELS, 1993 THE POULTRY INDUSTRY VERSUS PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: A USDA SECRETARY’S DOWNFALL, 1993–1994 USDA REQUIRES PATHOGEN TESTING: E. COLI O157:H7 IN GROUND BEEF, 1994 USDA POISED TO PROPOSE HACCP, 1994

CHAPTER 3 ATTEMPTING CONTROL OF FOOD PATHOGENS, 1994–2002

THE FDA TRIES HACCP, ONE FOOD AT A TIME USDA’S POLITICAL BATTLES

Congress Demands “Negotiated Rulemaking,” 1995 The Last Attempts to Derail HACCP, 1995–1996

THE PRODUCT GAP: ODWALLA APPLE JUICE, 1996 THE RECALL GAP: HUDSON FOODS, 1997 THE TESTING GAP: “NONINTACT” BEEF, 1999 THE LEGAL GAP: LAWSUITS AGAINST PATHOGEN REDUCTION: HACCP

Supreme Beef v. USDA USDA Inspectors versus “HACCP-Based Inspection Models”

THE CULTURE GAP: MEAT INDUSTRY VERSUS INSPECTORS

CHAPTER 4 ACHIEVING SAFE FOOD

IMPORTING SAFE FOOD: THE POLITICS OF FOOD TRADE ALTERNATIVE #1: EDUCATE ALTERNATIVE #2: IRRADIATE ALTERNATIVE #3: PASTEURIZE ALTERNATIVE #4: LITIGATE ALTERNATIVE #5: REORGANIZE CONCLUSION: THE GLOBAL POLITICS OF FOOD SAFETY

PART TWO SAFETY AS A SURROGATE

CHAPTER 5 PEDDLING DREAMS

THE THEORETICAL PROMISES THE ECONOMIC REALITIES MAKING RICE “GOLDEN”

Biotechnology versus Traditional Plant Genetics Golden Rice: The Science Golden Rice: The Politics

CHAPTER 6 RISKS AND BENEFITS

HEALTH CONCERNS

Allergens Antibiotic Resistance

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: RISKS AND BENEFITS

Environmental Risks Environmental Benefits

THE POLITICS OF UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES

Toxic Contaminants: Tryptophan Supplements Toxic Proteins: The Pusztai Affair Killing Monarch Butterflies

THE POLITICS OF RISKS AND BENEFITS

CHAPTER 7 THE POLITICS OF GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT

THE FDA’S “SCIENCE-BASED” APPROACH

The Politics of Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH): More Milk The Politics of Transgenic Food Plants The Politics of Transgenic Tomatoes, Labeled

THE EPA’S EUPHEMISM-BASED APPROACH

CHAPTER 8 THE POLITICS OF CONSUMER CONCERN

THE POLITICS OF DISTRUST

Labeling: Transparency in Marketing Intellectual Property Rights Genetic “Pollution” Globalization

THE POLITICS OF ANTIBIOTECHNOLOGY ADVOCACY TOWARD DIALOGUE, IF NOT CONSENSUS

CONCLUSION THE FUTURE OF FOOD SAFETY

THE POLITICS OF ANIMAL DISEASES

Mad Cow Disease: Prions and Species Jumps Foot-and-Mouth Disease: A Contagious and Virulent Virus Anthrax: A Bacterial Instrument of Terror?

THE NEW POLITICS OF FOOD SAFETY: BIOTERRORISM

A New Emphasis for Food Security: Safety from Bioterrorism Food as a Biological Weapon Ensuring Food Security: A Single Food Agency Food Security as a Public Health Issue

ENSURING SAFE FOOD

EPILOGUE

THE POLITICS OF FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY: UPDATE

Use of GM Crops Genetic “Pollution” Roundup-Resistant “Superweeds” Golden Rice rBGH (Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone) GM Labeling

THE POLITICS OF MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY: UPDATE

The Politics of Raw Outbreaks and Major Recalls

TOWARD A MORE EFFECTIVE FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM

APPENDIX THE SCIENCE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

A (VERY) QUICK REMINDER ABOUT DNA, GENES, AND PROTEINS

MORE ABOUT MAKING RICE GOLDEN: PLASMIDS BRIDGING THE GAP

NOTES

INTRODUCTION: FOOD SAFETY IS POLITICAL PART 1. RESISTING FOOD SAFETY CHAPTER 1. THE POLITICS OF FOODBORNE ILLNESS: ISSUES AND ORIGINS CHAPTER 2. RESISTING MEAT AND POULTRY REGULATION, 1974–1994 CHAPTER 3. ATTEMPTING CONTROL OF FOOD PATHOGENS, 1994–2002 CHAPTER 4. ACHIEVING SAFE FOOD: ALTERNATIVES PART 2. SAFETY AS A SURROGATE: THE IRONIC POLITICS OF FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 5. PEDDLING DREAMS: PROMISES VERSUS REALITY CHAPTER 6. RISKS AND BENEFITS: WHO DECIDES? CHAPTER 7. THE POLITICS OF GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT CHAPTER 8. THE POLITICS OF CONSUMER CONCERN: DISTRUST, DREAD, AND OUTRAGE CONCLUSION. THE FUTURE OF FOOD SAFETY: PUBLIC HEALTH VERSUS BIOTERRORISM EPILOGUE APPENDIX. THE SCIENCE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INDEX

CALIFORNIA STUDIES IN FOOD AND CULTURE

Darra Goldstein, Editor

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