The Britannica Guide to the Atom by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Atom: Development of Atomic Theory

What Is an Atom? The Atomic Philosophy of the Early Greeks The Emergence of Experimental Science Experimental Foundation of Atomic Chemistry

Atomic Weights and the Periodic Table Kinetic Theory of Gases

Studies of the Properties of Atoms

Size of Atoms Electric Properties of Atoms Light and Spectral Lines Discovery of Electrons Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment Identification of Positive Ions Discovery of Radioactivity

Models of Atomic Structure

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model Moseley’s X-Ray Studies Bohr’s Shell Model The Laws of Quantum Mechanics Schrödinger’s Wave Equation Antiparticles and the Electron’s Spin

Advances in Nuclear and Subatomic Physics

Structure of the Nucleus Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model

Chapter 2: The Atom: Components and Properties

Atomic Number Atomic Mass and Isotopes The Electron

Charge, Mass, and Spin Orbits and Energy Levels Electron Shells Atomic Bonds Conductors and Insulators Magnetic Properties

The Nucleus

Nuclear Forces Nuclear Shell Model Radioactive Decay Nuclear Energy

Chapter 3: Isotopes

The Discovery of Isotopes Nuclear Stability Radioactive Isotopes Elemental and Isotopic Abundances Variations in Isotopic Abundances

Radioactive Decay Mass Fractionation

Physical Properties Associated with Isotopes Effect of Isotopes on Atomic and Molecular Spectra

Molecular Vibrations Importance in the Study of Polyatomic Molecules

Chemical Effects of Isotopic Substitution Effect of Isotopic Substitution on Reaction Rates Isotope Separation and Enrichment

Mass Spectrometry Distillation Chemical Exchange Reactions Gaseous Diffusion Gas Centrifugation Photochemical Enrichment Methods

Chapter 4: Radioactivity

The Nature of Radioactive Emissions Types of Radioactivity

Alpha Decay Beta-Minus Decay Gamma Decay Isomeric Transitions Beta-Plus Decay Electron Capture Spontaneous Fission Proton Radioactivity Special Beta-Decay Processes Heavy-Ion Radioactivity

Occurrence of Radioactivity Energetics and Kinetics of Radioactivity

Energy Release in Radioactive Transitions Calculation and Measurement of Energy Absolute Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Models

The Liquid-Drop Model The Shell Model The Collective Model

Rates of Radioactive Transitions

Exponential-Decay Law Measurement of Half-Life Semiempirical Constants

Applications of Radioactivity

Medicinal Industrial Scientific

Chapter 5: Radiation and Life

Historical Background Units for Measuring Ionizing Radiation Sources and Levels of Radiation in the Environment

Cosmic-Radiation Exposure Estimates of Average Annual Dose Equivalent to the Whole Body from Various Sources of Irradiation Received by Members of the U.S. Population Average Dose Due to Natural Radioactivity Deposited Internally External Dose Due to Natural Radioactivity in Soil or Rock Natural Sources Artificial Sources Worldwide Dose Commitment from Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Tests Prior to 1970 Typical Doses to Exposed Tissue Received in Routine X-ray Diagnosis

Mechanism of Biologic Action Radionuclides and Radioactive Fallout

Accumulation in Critical Organs

Values for the Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) of Certain Radionuclides

The Hazards of Long-Lived Radioisotopes

Major Types of Radiation Injury

Effects on the Cell Effects on Organs of the Body (Somatic Effects) Symptoms of Acute Radiation Sickness (Hematopoietic Form) Effects on the Growth and Development of the Embryo Effects on the Incidence of Cancer Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks Attributed to Low-Level Irradiation

Protection Against External Radiation

Some Chemicals that Exert Radioprotective Effects in Laboratory Animals

Control of Radiation Risks

Chapter 6: Nuclear Fission

History of Fission Research and Technology Fundamentals of the Fission Process

Structure and Stability of Nuclear Matter Induced Fission Spontaneous Fission

The Phenomenology of Fission

Fission Fragment Mass Distributions Fission Decay Chains and Charge Distribution Prompt Neutrons in Fission Delayed Neutrons in Fission Energy Release in Fission

Fission Theory Nuclear Models and Nuclear Fission Fission Chain Reactions and Their Control Uses of Fission Reactors and Fission Products

Chapter 7: Nuclear Fusion

The Fusion Reaction

Two Types of Fusion Reactions Energy Released in Fusion Reactions Rate and Yield of Fusion Reactions The Plasma State Fusion Reactions in Stars Fusion Reactions for Controlled Power Generation

Methods of Achieving Fusion Energy

Magnetic Confinement Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Cold Fusion and Bubble Fusion Conditions for Practical Fusion Yield

History of Fusion Energy Research Conclusion

Chapter 8: Biographies

Classical World: Philosophers

Democritus Leucippus

18th and 19th Centuries: Beginnings of Atomic Theory

Amedeo Avogadro Johann Jakob Balmer Jöns Jacob Berzelius Robert Brown Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Stanislao Cannizzaro John Dalton Joseph Loschmidt Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev Lothar Meyer Jean Perrin Joseph-Louis Proust Johannes Robert Rydberg

20th Century: Radiation and After

Henri Becquerel Marie Curie Pierre Curie Otto Hahn Lise Meitner Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley Wilhelm Röntgen Ernest Rutherford Frederick Soddy Fritz Strassmann Sir J.J. Thomson

Glossary Bibliography Index

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