[Problems of International Politics 01] • Competitive Authoritarianism · Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War by Levitsky, Steven -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Half-title Series-title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations I Introduction and Theory

1 Introduction

What is competitive authoritarianism?

Situating the Concept

Elections Civil Liberties An Uneven Playing Field Competition without Democracy: Contestation and Uncertainty in Nondemocracies

Alternative Conceptualizations of Hybrid Regimes: Do We Need a New Subtype?

The rise of competitive authoritarianism Diverging outcomes: competitive authoritarian regime trajectories, 1990–2008 Explaining divergent outcomes: the argument in brief Theoretical implications The distinctive logic of competitive authoritarian politics

Informal Institutions Succession Politics Party Behavior

Case selection and methods Plan of the book

2 Explaining Competitive Authoritarian Regime Trajectories: International Linkage and the Organizational Power of Incumbents

The international dimension: linkage and leverage

Western Leverage Linkage to the West

Shaping Incentives: International Reverberation and the Cost of Government Abuse Shaping Interests: Creating Domestic Constituencies for Democratic Behavior Shaping the Distribution of Power and Resources

Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization

The domestic dimension: organizational power and authoritarian stability

State Coercive Capacity Party Strength State Economic Control as a Substitute for Coercive and Party Organization Combining State and Party Strength The Impact of Opposition Strength

Synthesis of the argument Alternative approaches

Economic Explanations: Modernization, Inequality, and Economic Performance Institutional Design The Role of Leadership

Conclusion: a structuralist argument

II High Linkage and Democratization: Eastern Europe and the Americas

3 Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization in Eastern Europe

Linkage, democratization, and the eu: slovakia and romania

Slovakia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Romania

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Linkage and democratization amid ethnic civil war: serbia and croatia

Serbia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Croatia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Linkage and democratization amidst state collapse: albania and macedonia

Albania

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Macedonia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Conclusion

4 Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization in the Americas

High linkage, high leverage, and democratization: the dominican republic, nicaragua, and guyana

Dominican Republic

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Nicaragua

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Guyana

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Mexico: linkage without leverage

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Medium linkage and high leverage: peru and haiti

Peru

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Haiti

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Conclusion

III The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in Low-Linkage Regions: The Former Soviet Union, Africa, and Asia

5 The Evolution of Post-Soviet Competitive Authoritarianism

Leverage, organizational power, and authoritarian stability: russia, belarus, and armenia

Russia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime under Yeltsin (1992–1999) Authoritarian Consolidation under Putin: 2000–2008

Belarus

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Armenia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Organizational weakness and authoritarian instability: ukraine, georgia, and moldova

Ukraine

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Georgia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Moldova

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Conclusion

6 Africa

Organizational power and authoritarian stability: zimbabwe, mozambique, botswana, and tanzania

Zimbabwe

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Mozambique

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Tanzania Botswana

Black knights and regime survival: cameroon and gabon

Cameroon

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Gabon

Political machines, crisis, and turnover without democratization: kenya and senegal

Kenya

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Senegal

Low organizational power and regime instability

Madagascar

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Malawi

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Zambia Benin

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Mali

Ghana: lessons from an outlier

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Conclusion

7 Diverging Outcomes in Asia

Taiwan

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Malaysia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

Cambodia

Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power Origins and Evolution of the Regime

The Transition to Competitive Authoritarianism (1989–1993) Authoritarian Reconsolidation, 1993–2008

Conclusion

8 Conclusion

Evaluating the theory’s performance

Comparison over Time and across Regions Alternative Explanations

Theoretical extensions

Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization Political Parties, Elite Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability Organizational Power, Regime Transitions, and Democracy: Two Paradoxes Institutional Weakness

Conclusion: understanding authoritarian persistence

Appendix I: Measuring Competitive Authoritarianism and Authoritarian Stability

I. Full authoritarianism II. Competitive authoritarianism

(1) Unfair Elections (2) Violation of Civil Liberties (3) Uneven Playing Field

III. Democracy Coding regime outcomes

Democratization Stable Authoritarianism Unstable Authoritarianism

Regime scores

Appendix II: Measuring Leverage Appendix III: Measuring Linkage Appendix IV: Measuring Organizational Power

State coercive capacity

Scope Cohesion

Party strength

Scope Cohesion

Discretionary state control of the economy

Scoring Organizational Power

References Index

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