Electronics From the Ground Up · Learn by Hacking, Designing, and Inventing by Quan, Ronald -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part One Beginning Electronics

1 Introduction

Goal of This Book

2 Components and Schematics

Wires Wire Tools Batteries A “First Hack” on Batteries The Series Circuit and Battery Holders A “Second Hack”: Increasing Battery Life on an LED Keychain Light From Yesteryear: A “Third Hack” by Converting a AA Cell Into a Penlight Eat Your Spinach and Make a Flashlight! Brief Overview of Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power Resistors

It’s All Greek to Me, But It’s Good

Capacitors Inductors or Coils Semiconductors

Diodes and Rectifiers Amplifying Devices Bipolar Transistors Vacuum Tubes

Integrated Circuits as Amplifiers and Logic Gates Schematic Diagrams References

3 Construction Techniques and Simple Test Equipment

Solderless Circuit Construction Techniques Let’s Do the Twist—Twisting Wires to Build Circuits Knock on Wood—A Wooden Breadboard Superstrip Prototype Boards Soldering Tools The Art of Pre-Tinning Wires or Connections Examples of Various Solder Joints Prototype Circuits via Soldering Vector or Perforated Boards Building the LM386 Audio Amplifier on a Vector Board Simple Test Equipment: Battery Testers and VOMs Using a Standard Volt-Ohm-Milliamp Meter (VOM) as a Battery Tester Parts List References

4 Light Emitters and Receivers

Incandescent Lamps An Experiment with a #222 Penlight Bulb

Parts List

Light-Emitting Diodes

Driving LEDs Light Output Specifications for LEDs

LEDs Compared with Incandescent Lamps Experiments with LEDs

LED Experiment 1 Parts List LED Experiment 2 Parts List

Photoreceivers Photodiode Experiment

Parts List

Experiment for Listening to a Remote Control’s Signals

Parts List

References

5 Diodes, Rectifiers, and Associated Circuits

Characteristics of Diodes and Rectifiers

Parts List

Converting AC to DC for Power Supplies DC Restoration Circuits and Voltage Multipliers Diodes as Switches and Gain-Control Devices

Parts List

Experiment to Measure DC Resistance of Back-to-Back Batteries

Parts List

Diodes as a Gain-Control Circuit

Part List

Radio-Frequency (RF) Mixing with a Diode Logic Circuits Using Diodes Variable-Capacitance Diodes Zener Diodes for Voltage Regulation

Parts List

References

6 Transistors, FETs, and Vacuum Tubes

Current Sources and Voltage-Controlled Current-Source Devices Constant Current “Diodes” Using JFETs Bipolar Transistors as Current Sources Concept of Measuring Collector Currents and Voltage Gain Due to Changes in Input Signals Using LEDs as Reference Voltages Using a Constant Current Source to Provide Low Ripple at the Power Supply’s Output

Parts List

JFETs, MOSFETs, and Vacuum Tubes Used as Current Sources Brief Summary So Far Just For Fun: A Low-Power Nightlight Using Transistor Amplifiers and LEDs

Parts List

A Quick Look at Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) JFETs and Bipolar Transistor as Voltage-Controlled Resistors References

Part Two Intermediate-Level Electronics

7 Amplifiers and Feedback

What Are Negative-Feedback Systems? Another Look at the Non-Inverting-Gain Operation Amplifier (Op Amp) Inverting-Gain Configuration Two Projects: A Photodiode Sensor and an Automatic Level Control Amplifier

Photodiode Sensor Parts List Controlling Audio Signal Levels Parts List

Another Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Circuit

Voltage-Controlled Common Emitter Amplifier

Negative Feedback to Stabilize or Self-Bias Collector Currents Power Output Stages and Using the VBE Multiplier Circuit Misadventures in Positive Feedback Some Considerations When Choosing Op Amps References

8 Audio Signals and Circuits

Signal Levels for Microphones, Phono Cartridges, Line Inputs, and Loudspeakers Balanced or Differential-Mode Audio Signals Used in Broadcast or Recording Studios Microphone Preamplifier Circuits Increasing GBWP and Achieving Low Noise with Added Transistors Moving-Magnet or Magnetic High-Output Phono-Cartridge Preamps Frequency Response and Phase for Recording and Playing Records Three RIAA Equalization Phono Preamplifier Projects

First RIAA Phono Preamp Parts List Second RIAA Phono Preamp Parts List Third Phono Preamplifier: Less Is More? Parts List Having Fun with Low-Voltage Tube Amplifiers

Power Supplies for the Preamplifier Circuits Standard Distortion Tests for Audio Equipment References

9 Oscillators

A Brief Overview of Oscillation Systems Time to Sit Back and Relax for a Relaxation Oscillator (AKA Moving the Goal Posts) Phase-Shift Oscillators Wein Bridge Oscillator with Automatic Gain Control to Provide Non-Clipped Sine Waves A Universal Wein Oscillator Circuit Relaxation Oscillators Just for Fun, Build a 555 Timer with a Dual Comparator, FET, and a Flip-Flop To Wrap Up Relaxation Oscillators, Just Use a 74HC14 or 74AC14 Chip Radio-Frequency (RF) Oscillators References

Part Three Advanced Electronics

10 Amplitude Modulation Signals and Circuits

AM Signals—What Are They? “Hey, Can You Please Turn Down the Volume … Now Can You Turn It Back Up?” Other Types of AM Signals Suppressed Carrier AM Signals Knowing Your I’s and Q’s Basic Radio Circuits Tuned Radio-Frequency Radio Projects First Project: A TRF Radio

Parts List Solid-State Regenerative Radio Comparing Regenerative and TRF Radios Mixing and Beating Signals (aka Heterodyning or Superheterodyne) Two-Gang Variable Capacitors Oscillator Coils IF Transformers

Second Project: A Superhet Using the MK484/TA7642 Chip

Parts List

An Observation on Common-Emitter Amplifiers References

11 Frequency Modulation Signals and Circuits

What Are FM Signals? Experiment No. 1: FM Oscillators Using Voltage-Controlled Capacitance Diodes

Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Transmitting and Receiving Equalization Curves Observing the Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Effect FM and a Pre-Emphasis Network FM Radios

An FM Tuner Project with Ceramic Filter and Resonator

Parts List

A Second FM Radio Project Via Silicon Labs

Parts List Understanding “Other” FM Detectors from a Top View

References

12 Video Basics, Including Video Signals

Examining Still Pictures First for Contrast, Brightness, Resolution, and Sharpness Resolution or Fine Detail of a TV Picture Aspect Ratio Enter the Kell Factor Determining the Number of Scanning Lines Based on Aspect Ratio, Kell Factor, Frame Rate, and Bandwidth Sharpness and Frequency Response Batman’s Ears to the Rescue for Image Enhancement Some Color TV Basics References

13 Video Circuits and Systems

How Easy Is It to Make a Brightness and Contrast Video Circuit? A Sharpness Circuit: Can It Be Simple? A Video Processor to Adjust for Brightness, Contrast, and Sharpness

Parts List

References

14 High School Mathematics with Electronics

Equation of a Line Offset Voltages Described by the Y Intercept b Systems of Linear Equations Used in FM Stereo Linear Equations for Color Encoding Polynomials Negative-Feedback Systems with a (Linear) First-Order-Term Polynomial Polynomials Used in Determining Distortion Effects of Negative Feedback in Amplifiers Summary References

15 Some Basic Circuit Analysis Techniques

Limitations of Kirchoff’s Laws for Analyzing Circuits Via Loop and Node Equations Loop Equations

Enter the Zero-Voltage Source Defining the Direction of the Current and Voltage Drops Deriving the Voltage Divider Formula Using Positive-Charged Currents Node Equations to Determine Parallel Resistances

Thevenin Equivalent Circuits

A Practical Example of Analyzing Via the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Some AC Circuit Analysis Simple Transient or Pulse Response to RC Low- and High-Pass Filters References

16 A Review and Analysis of What We Have Built So Far

Wein Oscillator RC Feedback Network A Phono Preamp Revisited A Look at an Emitter-Follower Circuit Using the Emitter Output Resistance to Determine Characteristics of a Common-Emitter Amplifier Analyzing an Inverting-Gain Video Amplifier Improvements or Variations of Previous Projects Just for Fun … A Wein Oscillator Using a 60-Watt Light Bulb A Brief Study on Harmonic Distortion Analysis Using Differential Gain as a Method to Determine Harmonic Distortion References

17 Hacking, Inventing, and Designing

Hacking Inventions and Patents Ceramic Filter Oscillator for Wider Frequency Deviation A Non-Varactor Electronic Variable Capacitor Class AB Output Stage with Quiescent Bias Using a Servo Control Other Examples of Designing

Modulating the Power-Supply Pin of an Oscillator to Provide FM An LC RF Matching Network

References

18 Troubleshooting and Final Thoughts

Assembling the Circuit When the Circuit Is Completed and Ready for a Test … Before Powering It On DC Bias Conditions Choosing the Correct OP Amps Logic Gates with Increased Speed and Output Current Decoupling Capacitors What to Do If an Amplifier Oscillates Low-Frequency Oscillation Decoupling Sources from Injecting Noise into the Power Rails When an Oscillator Does Not Oscillate Reducing External Noise When the Circuit Kind of Works Using an AM/FM Radio to Sense Whether an Oscillator Is Working Using Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators Back to Test Equipment Summary on Troubleshooting Final Thoughts on the Book

A Parts Suppliers

Transistors, FETs, Diodes, LEDs, Photodiodes, ICs, Resistors, Capacitors, Crystals, Batteries, Inductors, Transformers, Tools, and Soldering Equipment Vacuum Tubes Ceramic Resonators and Filters (455 kHz and 10.7 MHz) Oscillator Coils, IF Transformers, and Audio Transformers Antenna Coils Variable Capacitors Crystal Earphones Science Kits, Cool Things, and Everything Else

B Online Learning Resources C Free Software Index

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