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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewers
Special Thanks to serverlove
Acknowledgments
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
The Problem
The Solution
What Is Load Balancing?
Load Balancing, Old Style
Load Balancing, New Style
Scaling Up
Scaling Out
Load Balancing, Finally
What Makes the Web Tick?
Caching: Warp Drive for Your Web Site
Load Balancing with DNS
Content Delivery Networks
Proper Planning Prevents Pretty Poor Performance
The Essentials
HTTP Load Balancing
Load Balancing Your Database
Load Balancing Your Network Connection
SSL Load Balancing
Clustering for High Availability
Load Balancing in the Cloud
IPv6: Implementation and Concepts
Where To Go Next
Summary
Chapter 2: How Web Sites Work
Let the Games Commence!
Coming from a Non-IT Background
Kicking Off the Process
Finding the Site with DNS
Connecting to the Server (Finally!)
On the Server Itself
Talking to the Database
Quick Look at Caching
Back to the Client
Taking a Closer Look
The Network
TCP
DNS
Speed, Bandwidth, and Latency
Network Summary
HTML and the Web
HTML
Why is Text-Based Important?
Why is Linking Important?
HTML Summary
The Browser
Web Content
Static Content
Dynamic Content
Creating Dynamic Content
Web Content Summary
Databases: The Weakest Link
Summary
Chapter 3: Content Caching: Keeping the Load Light
What Is a Cache?
Whistle Stop Tour
Browser-based Caching
Web Accelerators
Web Proxies
Transparent Web Proxies
Edge-based Caching
Platform Caching
Application Caching
Database Caching
Just the Beginning…
Caching Theory: Why Is It so Hard?
HTTP 1.0 Caching Support
HTTP 1.1 Enhanced Caching Support
The Solution
Caching Isn’t as Easy as It Looks
Web Proxies
The Squid Proxy Server
Getting Started
Troubleshooting
Transparent Proxies
What’s Going On
Getting a Helping Hand
Squid, the Swiss Army Knife of Proxies
Edge-based Caching: Introducing Varnish
Sane Caching by Default
Installing Varnish
Getting Up and Running
Customizing Varnish
Summary
Chapter 4: DNS Load Balancing
DNS Details
The IP Address
The Problem
The Solution
Taking a Step Back
DNS in Depth
Querying Yourself
Advanced DNS Queries
DNS Caching
Querying your DNS Cache
DNS Cache in Linux
The Real Stuff
BIND9
DNS DB Header
DNS Database Entries
Loading your DB
Checking the Config
Common Issues
Testing your DNS
DNS Load Balancing
Advantages of DNS Load Balancing
Issues with DNS Load Balancing
Summary
Chapter 5: Content Delivery Networks
Choosing a CDN Provider
Getting Started with Rackspace
Adding Content to Your CDN Account
The Rackspace Cloud Files API
Integrating the API into PHP
Authenticating with Your API Key
Connecting and Disconnecting
Working with Containers
Working with Files
Other Useful Functions
Summary
Chapter 6: Planning for Performance and Reliability
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The Importance of Planning
Backups
Why Backups Are so Important
There May Be Trouble Ahead
Automation is a Must
Tactical Backups
Strategic Backups
Incremental vs. Full
Please, Please Perform Test Restores!
Summary
Chapter 7: Load Balancing Basics
What Is Load Balancing?
What Computing Resources Are Available?
Processor (CPU)
Memory (RAM)
Checking Performance of CPU and RAM with top
Network
Storage (Disk)
Load Balancing in Practice
Guiding Principles
Understand Your System
Planning
Monitoring and Testing
Summary
Chapter 8: Load Balancing Your Web Site
Measuring Web Server Performance
Accelerating Apache HTTP
Disabling Unneeded Modules
Disabling DNS Lookups
Using Compression
FollowSymLinks and SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
Accelerating nginx
worker_processes and worker_cpu_affinity
Gzip Compression
Load Balancing Your Web Server
The Setup
Preparing the Server
Preparing the Workers
Testing the Load Balancer
Best of Both Worlds
Summary
Chapter 9: Load Balancing Your Database
Setting up the MySQL Cluster
Installing the Management Software
Configuring the Management Software
Preparing the Cluster's Data Nodes
Installing the MySQL Server and NDB Daemon
Configuring the NDB Daemon
Starting the Cluster Node's Services
Updating MySQL's Root User
Testing the Installation
Applying Load Balancing
The Setup
Setting up the Load Balancer
Preparing the Workers
Testing the Load Balancer
Summary
Chapter 10: Network Load Balancing
Sharing the Workload
TCP/IP
TCP
IP
Routing
The Load Balancer
IPVS
IPVS Scheduling
IPVS Installation on Ubuntu
IPVS Installation on Centos
IPVSADM
Expanding IPVS
Advanced IPVS
Changing Scheduling Algorithm
Assigning Weight Values
Protocol and Multiple Virtual Servers
Another IP Address
Making It Stick
Summary
Chapter 11: SSL Load Balancing
What are SSL and TLS?
Public-Key Cryptography
Trust and Certificate Authorities
TLS Encryption
TLS Load Balancing
Configuring SSL on Your Web Server
Apache
Nginx
SSL Acceleration
Apache
Nginx
SSL Termination
Configuring Nginx
Testing the SSL
Further Configurations
Engine
Caching
Protocols
Specific Ciphers
LVS and Your SSL Terminator
Integrated Load Balancer/SSL Terminator
Summary
Chapter 12: Clustering for High Availability
High Availability
Single Point of Failure
Clustering
IPVS Failover
Install with Ubuntu
Install with Centos
Configure
Common Config Problems
Confirming Your System
Testing
Web Server Specifics
Ubuntu
Centos
Advanced Config Options
ha.cf
ldirectord.cf
Web Server
Summary
Chapter 13: Load Balancing in the Cloud
Cloud Computing
Virtualization
Hypervisor
Virtualized Resources
Managing Virtual Resources
Balancing
Overprovisioning
Planning
Cloud Elasticity
Working with a Cloud Server
Summary
Chapter 14: IPv6: Implications and Concepts
IPv6
Hexadecimal Notation
Truncation
IPv4 Exhaustion
Approach to IPv6
Advantages of IPv6
Implementation
Internet Connection
DNS
Operating System
Networking
Single Gateway Network
Dual Network
Application Support
Apache
Nginx
Varnish Cache
Memcached
IPVS
Ldirectord
Heartbeat
Summary
Chapter 15: Where to Go Next…
Recap
Monitoring
Security
Access Control
Views
Common Exploit Prevention
Operating System Performance
Compile Yourself
Cut Down
High-Performance OS
Planning
Summary
Index
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