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Index
DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture
Dedication
Preface
Who This Book is For
How This Book is Organized
Acknowledgments
Thank You
1. Introduction
Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
Laboratory Notebook Guidelines
Use the following guidelines to maintain your laboratory notebook:
Laboratory Notebook Format
Use the following general format for recording an experiment in your lab notebook:
2. Laboratory Safety
Laboratory Safety Rules We Recommend
Prepare Properly
All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a Responsible Adult
Familiarize Yourself with Safety Procedures and Equipment
Always Read the MSDS for Every Chemical that You Will Use in a Laboratory Session
Organize Your Work Area
Dress Properly
Wear Approved Eye Protection at All Times
Wear Protective Gloves and Clothing
Avoid Laboratory Hazards
Avoid Chemical Hazards
Avoid Fire Hazards
Avoid Glassware Hazards
Don’t Do Stupid Things
Never Eat, Drink, or Smoke in the Laboratory
Never Work Alone in the Laboratory
No Horsing Around
Never Combine Chemicals Arbitrarily
Don’t Make Explosives
3. Equipping a Home Chemistry Laboratory
General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
Test Tubes
Beakers
FlaskS
Erlenmeyer Flasks
Florence (Boiling) Flasks
Filtering Flasks
Funnels
Bottles and Vials
Storage Bottles
Barnes Bottles
Wash Bottles
Miscellaneous General Glassware
Volumetric Glassware
Graduated Cylinders
Pipettes
Burettes
Volumetric Flasks
Microscale Equipment
Reaction Plates
Droppers and Disposable Pipettes
Recommended Laboratory Glassware
Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
Balance
Heat Sources
Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
Pipetters
pH Measuring Tools
Thermometers
Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
Filter Paper
Chromatography Paper
Battery and Electrodes
Rubber Stoppers and Corks
Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
Miscellaneous Equipment (Junk Collecting)
Work Area
4. Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab
Chemical Names
Chemical Grades
Chemical Risk Factors and Safety Advice
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
Risk Phrases (R-phrases) and Safety Phrases (S-phrases)
Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
Safe Chemical Handling
Incompatible Chemicals
Storage Color Codes
Proper Disposal of Used and Unneeded Chemicals
Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
Disposal of Heavy-Metal and Other Toxic Compounds
Chemicals Used in This Book
Notes:
Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
5. Mastering Laboratory Skills
Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
Handling Chemicals Properly
Using a Balance
Measuring Liquids by Volume
Using a Volumetric Flask
Using a Pipette
Cleaning a Pipette
Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
Using a Burette
Performing Titrations without a Burette
Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
Titrate Using a Mohr Pipette
Filtration
Separations
Using Heat Sources
Using an Alcohol Lamp
Using a Gas Burner
Evaporating and Drying
Working with Glass Tubing
Cutting Glass Tubing
Bending and Drawing Glass Tubing
Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks and Stoppers Safely
Cleaning Glassware
6. Laboratory: Separating Mixtures
Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures
Procedure
Part I: Basic Chromatography
Part II: Two-Dimensional Chromatography
Review Questions
Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
Procedure
Review Questions
7. Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid Chemical
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of a Solid Chemical
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Liquid Chemical
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry
Procedure
Part I: Make Up Reference Solutions
Part II: Determine the Concentration of an Unknown Solution
Review Questions
8. Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
Procedure
Part I: Determine the Boiling Point of Water Under Ambient Pressure
Part II: Prepare Molal Solutions of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose
Part III: Determine the Boiling Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose Solutions
Review Questions
Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression
Procedure
Part I: Prepare the Ice Bath and Determine the Freezing Point of Water
Part II: Determine the Freezing Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose Solutions
Review Questions
Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
Procedure
Review Questions
9. Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition Reaction
Procedure
Part I
Part II
Review Questions
Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement Reaction
Procedure
Part I
Part II
Review Questions
Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction
Procedure
Part I
Part II
Review Questions
10. Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
Laboratory 10.1: Reduction of copper ore to copper metal
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 10.2: Observe the Oxidation States of Manganese
Procedure
Review Questions
11. Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect of Concentration on PH
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a Buffer Solution
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
Procedure
Part I: Make Up a Stock Reference Solution of ~1.500 M Sodium Carbonate
Part II: Use Serial Dilution to Make Up a Working Reference Solution of ~0.1500 M Sodium Carbonate
Part III: Standardize a Bench Solution of ~1 M Hydrochloric Acid
Review Questions
12. Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
Laboratory 12.1: Determine the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 12.3: Determine the Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rate
Procedure
Review Questions
13. Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle
Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in Action
Procedure
Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
Part II: Examine the Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
Part III: Examine the Effect of Volume on Equilibrium
PART IV: Examine the Effect of Pressure (and Temperature) on Equilibrium
Observations
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Review Questions
Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion Effect
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product Constant
Procedure
Part I: Determine the Ksp of Sodium Chloride Gravimetrically
Part II: Determine the Ksp of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Titrimetrically (volumetrically)
Review Questions
14. Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 14.3: Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor Density
Procedure
Review Questions
15. Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of Ice
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of a Metal
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
Procedure
Review Questions
16. Laboratory: Electrochemistry
Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage and Current)
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half-Cells
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
Procedure
Review Questions
17. Laboratory: Photochemistry
Laboratory 17.1: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine and Oxalate
Procedure
Part I: Prepare Reference Samples
Part II: Determine the Effects of Different Light Sources on Iodine/Oxalate Solution Samples
Review Questions
18. Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
Laboratory 18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 18.2: Produce Firefighting Foam
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
Procedure
Review Questions
19. Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions
Procedure
Part I: Testing for Nitrate Ions
Part II: Testing for Other Anions
Review Questions
Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Cations
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone
Procedure
Part I: Sample Preparation
Part II: Analysis of Ions
Review Questions
20. Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis
Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration
Procedure
Part I: Determine the Density of Chlorine Bleach
Part II: Determine Hypochlorite Concentration
Review Questions
Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of Seawater
Procedure
Part I: Determine Seawater Density and Total Dissolved Solids
Part II: Determine Chloride Ion Quantitatively
Part III: Determine Sulfate Ion Quantitatively
Review Questions
21. Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate From Aspirin
Procedure
Part I: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate
Part II: Isolate and Purify the Product
Part III: Determine Density and Freezing Point of the Product
Review Questions
Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
Procedure
Review Questions
22. Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect Blood
Procedure
Review Questions
Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit Drugs
Procedure
Part I: Prepare Reagents
Part II: Run the Tests
Review Questions
Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
Procedure
Part I: Iodine Fuming
Part II: Ninhydrin Spray
Part III: Silver Nitrate Spray
Review Questions
Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
Procedure
Part I: Establish Reagent Purity
Part II: Test the Samples
Part III: Discriminate between Arsenic and Antimony
Review Questions
Index
About the Author
Copyright
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