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Index
Title page Table of Contents Copyright Preface Acknowledgements Contributors Student Consultants A contemporary approach to microbiology Section 1: The adversaries – microbes
Chapter 1: Microbes as parasites
The varieties of microbes Living inside or outside cells Systems of classification
Chapter 2: The bacteria
Structure Nutrition Growth and division Gene expression Survival under adverse conditions Mobile genetic elements Mutation and gene transfer The genomics of medically important bacteria
Chapter 3: The viruses
Infection of host cells Replication Outcome of viral infection Major groups of viruses
Chapter 4: The fungi
Major groups of disease-causing fungi
Chapter 5: The protozoa Chapter 6: The helminths and arthropods
The helminths The arthropods
Chapter 7: Prions
‘Rogue protein’ pathogenesis Development, transmission and diagnosis of prion diseases Prevention and treatment of prion diseases
Chapter 8: The host–parasite relationship
The normal flora Symbiotic associations The characteristics of parasitism The evolution of parasitism
Section 2: The adversaries–host defences
Chapter 9: The innate defences of the body
Defences against entry into the body Defences once the microorganism penetrates the body Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Oxygen-independent antimicrobial mechanisms Oxygen-dependent antimicrobial mechanisms
Chapter 10: Adaptive responses provide a ‘quantum leap’ in effective defence
The role of antibodies The role of T lymphocytes Extracellular attack on large infectious agents Local defences at mucosal surfaces
Chapter 11: The cellular basis of adaptive immune responses
B- and T-cell receptors Clonal expansion of lymphocytes The role of memory cells Stimulation of lymphocytes Cytokines Regulatory mechanisms Tolerance mechanisms
Section 3: The conflicts
Chapter 12: Background to the infectious diseases
Host–parasite relationships Myxomatosis Causes of infectious diseases Robert Koch (1843–1910) The biologic response gradient
Chapter 13: Entry, exit and transmission
Sites of entry Exit and transmission Types of transmission between humans Transmission from animals
Chapter 14: Immune defences in action
Complement Acute phase proteins and pattern recognition receptors Fever Natural killer cells Phagocytosis Cytokines Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity Recovery from infection
Chapter 15: Spread and replication
Features of surface and systemic infections Mechanisms of spread through the body Genetic determinants of spread and replication Genetically determined susceptibility to infection Other factors affecting spread and replication
Chapter 16: Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections
Parasite survival strategies Trail of illness from a slippery cook Antigenic variation Immunosuppression Persistent infections Persistence is of survival value for the microbe
Chapter 17: Pathologic consequences of infection
Pathology caused directly by microorganism Diarrhea Pathologic activation of natural immune mechanisms Is it a cold – or is it flu? Pathologic consequences of the immune response Skin rashes Viruses and cancer The many faces of hepatitis B
Section 4: Clinical manifestation and diagnosis of infections by body system
Introduction
The clinical manifestations of infection
Chapter 18: Upper respiratory tract infections
Rhinitis Pharyngitis and tonsillitis Parotitis Otitis and sinusitis Acute epiglottitis Oral cavity infections
Chapter 19: Lower respiratory tract infections
Laryngitis and tracheitis Diphtheria Diphtheria toxin Whooping cough Acute bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Bronchiolitis Respiratory syncytial virus infection Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia Viral pneumonia Parainfluenza virus infection Adenovirus infection Human metapneumovirus Human bocavirus Influenza virus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Measles Cytomegalovirus infection Tuberculosis Cystic fibrosis Lung abscess Fungal infections Parasitic infections
Chapter 20: Urinary tract infections
Acquisition and etiology Pathogenesis Clinical features and complications Laboratory diagnosis Treatment Prevention
Chapter 21: Sexually transmitted infections
STIs and sexual behaviour Syphilis Gonorrhoea Chlamydial infection Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urethritis Other causes of vaginitis and urethritis Genital herpes Human papillomavirus infection Human immunodeficiency virus Opportunist STIs Arthropod infestations
Chapter 22: Gastrointestinal tract infections
Diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection Food poisoning Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcer disease Parasites and the gastrointestinal tract Systemic infection initiated in the gastrointestinal tract Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepadnaviruses
Chapter 23: Obstetric and perinatal infections
Infections occurring in pregnancy Congenital infections Rubella and the fetus Infections occurring around the time of birth
Chapter 24: Central nervous system infections
Invasion of the central nervous system The body’s response to invasion Meningitis Encephalitis Neurologic diseases of possible viral Aetiology Spongiform encephalopathies caused by scrapie-type agents CNS Disease caused by parasites Brain abscesses Tetanus and botulism
Chapter 25: Infections of the eye
Conjunctivitis Infection of the deeper layers of the eye
Chapter 26: Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems
Bacterial infections of skin, soft tissue and muscle Mycobacterial diseases of the skin Fungal infections of the skin Parasitic infections of the skin Mucocutaneous lesions caused by viruses Smallpox Measles Rubella Other infections producing skin lesions Kawasaki syndrome Viral infections of muscle Parasitic infections of muscle Joint and bone infections Infections of the haemopoietic system
Chapter 27: Vector-borne infections
Arbovirus infections Infections caused by rickettsiae Borrelia infections Protozoal infections Helminth infections
Chapter 28: Multisystem zoonoses
Arenavirus infections Bolivian haemorrhagic fever: a lesson in ecology Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) Marburg and ebola haemorrhagic fevers Crimean–congo haemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne virus Q Fever Anthrax Plague The Black Death in fourteenth-century England Yersinia enterocolitica infection Tularaemia Pasteurella multocida infection Leptospirosis Rat-bite fever Brucellosis Helminth infections
Chapter 29: Fever of unknown origin
Definitions of fever of unknown origin Causes of FUO Investigation of classic FUO Treatment of FUO FUO in specific patient groups Infective endocarditis
Chapter 30: Infections in the compromised host
The compromised host Infections of the host with deficient innate immunity due to physical factors Infections associated with secondary adaptive immunodeficiency Other important opportunist pathogens
Section 5: Diagnosis and control
Chapter 31: Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defence mechanisms
Aims of the clinical microbiology laboratory Specimen processing Body sites that are normally sterile Body sites that have a normal commensal flora Non-cultural techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of infection Non-specific techniques for detection of microbial products Antigen detection Toxin detection Cultivation (culture) of microorganisms Identification of microorganisms grown in culture Antibody detection methods for the diagnosis of infection Assessment of host defence systems Putting it all together: detection, diagnosis, and epidemiology Legionnaires’ disease – a case study
Chapter 32: Epidemiology and control of infectious diseases
Outcome measurements The interaction between prevalence, incidence, mortality and treatment Types of epidemiological studies Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value Transmission of infectious disease Infectiousness – example syphilis Terminology: latency Vaccine efficacy
Chapter 33: Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Selective toxicity Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) Antimicrobial properties Pharmacologic activities Discovery and design of antimicrobial agents Classification of antibacterial agents Resistance to antibacterial agents Classes of antibacterial agents Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis Basic rule: use only in severe, life-threatening infections Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis Antimetabolites affecting nucleic acid synthesis Other agents that affect dna Inhibitors of cytoplasmic membrane function Urinary tract antiseptics Antituberculosis agents Antibacterial agents in practice Antibiotic assays Antiviral therapy Antifungal agents Control by chemotherapy versus vaccination Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) Control versus eradication Use and misuse of antimicrobial agents
Chapter 34: Protecting the host: vaccination
Vaccination – a four hundred year history Edward Jenner (1749–1823) Aims of vaccination Vaccines can be of different types Live attenuated vaccines Non-living vaccines Genetically engineered vaccines
Chapter 35: Passive and non-specific immunotherapy
Passive immunization with antibody Non-specific cellular immunostimulation Microbial Endogenous Correction of host immunodeficiency Probiotics
Chapter 36: Hospital infection, sterilization and disinfection
Common hospital infections Important causes of hospital infection Urinary tract infections Surgical wound infections Lower respiratory tract infections Bacteraemia Sources and routes of spread of hospital infection Host factors and hospital infection Consequences of hospital infection Prevention of hospital infection
Bibliography Index Pathogen parade Instructions for online access
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