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Index
CSS: The Definitive Guide, 3rd Edition
Preface
Conventions Used in This Book
Property Conventions
Using Code Examples
How to Contact Us
Safari® Enabled
Acknowledgments
1. CSS and Documents
1.1. The Web's Fall from Grace
1.1.1. What a Mess
1.2. CSS to the Rescue
1.2.1. Rich Styling
1.2.2. Ease of Use
1.2.3. Using Your Styles on Multiple Pages
1.2.4. Cascading
1.2.5. Compact File Size
1.2.6. Preparing for the Future
1.3. Elements
1.3.1. Replaced and Nonreplaced Elements
1.3.1.1. Replaced elements
1.3.1.2. Nonreplaced elements
1.3.2. Element Display Roles
1.3.2.1. Block-level elements
1.3.2.2. Inline-level elements
1.4. Bringing CSS and XHTML Together
1.4.1. The link Tag
1.4.1.1. Attributes
1.4.1.2. Alternate style sheets
1.4.2. The style Element
1.4.3. The @import Directive
1.4.4. Actual Style Rules
1.4.4.1. Backward accessibility
1.4.5. CSS Comments
1.4.6. Inline Styles
1.5. Summary
2. Selectors
2.1. Basic Rules
2.1.1. Rule Structure
2.1.2. Element Selectors
2.1.3. Declarations and Keywords
2.2. Grouping
2.2.1. Grouping Selectors
2.2.1.1. The universal selector
2.2.2. Grouping Declarations
2.2.3. Grouping Everything
2.3. Class and ID Selectors
2.3.1. Class Selectors
2.3.2. Multiple Classes
2.3.3. ID Selectors
2.3.4. Deciding Between Class and ID
2.4. Attribute Selectors
2.4.1. Simple Attribute Selection
2.4.2. Selection Based on Exact Attribute Value
2.4.3. Selection Based on Partial Attribute Values
2.4.4. A Particular Attribute Selection Type
2.5. Using Document Structure
2.5.1. Understanding the Parent-Child Relationship
2.5.2. Descendant Selectors
2.5.3. Selecting Children
2.5.4. Selecting Adjacent Sibling Elements
2.6. Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
2.6.1. Pseudo-Class Selectors
2.6.1.1. Link pseudo-classes
2.6.1.2. Dynamic pseudo-classes
2.6.1.3. Real-world issues with dynamic styling
2.6.1.4. Selecting a first child
2.6.1.5. Selecting based on language
2.6.1.6. Combining pseudo-classes
2.6.2. Pseudo-Element Selectors
2.6.2.1. Styling the first letter
2.6.2.2. Styling the first line
2.6.2.3. Restrictions on :first-letter and :first-line
2.6.2.4. Style before and after elements
2.7. Summary
3. Structure and the Cascade
3.1. Specificity
3.1.1. Declarations and Specificity
3.1.2. Universal Selector Specificity
3.1.3. ID and Attribute Selector Specificity
3.1.4. Inline Style Specificity
3.1.5. Importance
3.2. Inheritance
3.3. The Cascade
3.3.1. Sorting by Weight and Origin
3.3.2. Sorting by Specificity
3.3.3. Sorting by Order
3.3.4. Non-CSS Presentational Hints
3.4. Summary
4. Values and Units
4.1. Numbers
4.2. Percentages
4.3. Color
4.3.1. Named Colors
4.3.2. Colors by RGB
4.3.2.1. Functional RGB colors
4.3.2.2. Hexadecimal RGB colors
4.3.2.3. Bringing the colors together
4.3.2.4. Web-safe colors
4.4. Length Units
4.4.1. Absolute Length Units
4.4.1.1. Working with absolute lengths
4.4.2. Relative Length Units
4.4.2.1. em and ex units
4.4.2.2. Practical issues with em and ex
4.4.2.3. Pixel lengths
4.4.2.4. Pixel theory
4.4.2.5. What to do?
4.5. URLs
4.5.1. Keywords
4.5.1.1. inherit
4.6. CSS2 Units
4.7. Summary
5. Fonts
5.1. Font Families
5.1.1. Using Generic Font Families
5.1.2. Specifying a Font Family
5.1.2.1. Using quotation marks
5.2. Font Weights
5.2.1. How Weights Work
5.2.2. Getting Bolder
5.2.3. Lightening Weights
5.3. Font Size
5.3.1. Absolute Sizes
5.3.2. Relative Sizes
5.3.3. Percentages and Sizes
5.3.4. Font Size and Inheritance
5.3.5. Using Length Units
5.4. Styles and Variants
5.4.1. Fonts with Style
5.4.2. Font Variations
5.5. Stretching and Adjusting Fonts
5.6. The font Property
5.6.1. Adding the Line Height
5.6.2. Using Shorthands Properly
5.6.3. Using System Fonts
5.7. Font Matching
5.7.1. Font-Face Rules
5.7.1.1. Font-name matching
5.7.1.2. Intelligent font matching
5.7.1.3. Font synthesis
5.7.1.4. Font download
5.8. Summary
6. Text Properties
6.1. Indentation and Horizontal Alignment
6.1.1. Indenting Text
6.1.2. Horizontal Alignment
6.2. Vertical Alignment
6.2.1. The Height of Lines
6.2.1.1. Constructing a line
6.2.1.2. Assigning values to line-height
6.2.1.3. Line height and inheritance
6.2.2. Vertically Aligning Text
6.2.2.1. Baseline alignment
6.2.2.2. Superscripting and subscripting
6.2.2.3. Bottom feeding
6.2.2.4. Getting on top
6.2.2.5. In the middle
6.2.2.6. Percentages
6.2.2.7. Length alignment
6.3. Word Spacing and Letter Spacing
6.3.1. Word Spacing
6.3.2. Letter Spacing
6.3.3. Spacing and Alignment
6.4. Text Transformation
6.5. Text Decoration
6.5.1. Weird Decorations
6.6. Text Shadows
6.6.1. Handling Whitespace
6.6.2. Text Direction
6.7. Summary
7. Basic Visual Formatting
7.1. Basic Boxes
7.1.1. The Containing Block
7.1.2. A Quick Refresher
7.2. Block-Level Elements
7.2.1. Horizontal Formatting
7.2.1.1. Horizontal properties
7.2.1.2. Using auto
7.2.1.3. More than one auto
7.2.1.4. Negative margins
7.2.1.5. Percentages
7.2.1.6. Replaced elements
7.2.2. Vertical Formatting
7.2.2.1. Vertical properties
7.2.2.2. Percentage heights
7.2.2.3. Auto heights
7.2.2.4. Collapsing vertical margins
7.2.2.5. Negative margins
7.2.3. List Items
7.3. Inline Elements
7.3.1. Line Layout
7.3.2. Basic Terms and Concepts
7.3.3. Inline Formatting
7.3.4. Inline Nonreplaced Elements
7.3.4.1. Building the boxes
7.3.4.2. Vertical alignment
7.3.4.3. Managing the line-height
7.3.4.4. Scaling line heights
7.3.4.5. Adding box properties
7.3.5. Inline Replaced Elements
7.3.5.1. Adding box properties
7.3.5.2. Replaced elements and the baseline
7.4. Altering Element Display
7.4.1. Changing Roles
7.4.2. Inline-Block Elements
7.4.3. Run-in Elements
7.4.3.1. Computed values
7.5. Summary
8. Padding, Borders, and Margins
8.1. Basic Element Boxes
8.1.1. Width and Height
8.1.2. Margins Versus Padding
8.2. Margins
8.2.1. Length Values and Margins
8.2.2. Percentages and Margins
8.2.3. Replicating Values
8.2.4. Single-Side Margin Properties
8.2.5. Negative and Collapsed Margins
8.2.6. Margins and Inline Elements
8.3. Borders
8.3.1. Borders and Backgrounds
8.3.2. Borders with Style
8.3.2.1. Multiple styles
8.3.2.2. Single-side styles
8.3.3. Border Widths
8.3.3.1. No border at all
8.3.4. Border Colors
8.3.4.1. Transparent borders
8.3.5. Shorthand Border Properties
8.3.6. Global Borders
8.3.7. Borders and Inline Elements
8.4. Padding
8.4.1. Percentage Values and Padding
8.4.2. Single-Side Padding
8.4.3. Padding and Inline Elements
8.4.4. Padding and Replaced Elements
8.5. Summary
9. Colors and Backgrounds
9.1. Colors
9.2. Foreground Colors
9.2.1. Replacing Attributes
9.2.2. Affecting Borders
9.2.3. Affecting Form Elements
9.2.4. Inheriting Color
9.3. Backgrounds
9.3.1. Background Color
9.3.1.1. Historical issues
9.3.1.2. Special effects
9.3.2. Background Images
9.3.2.1. Using an image
9.3.2.2. Why backgrounds aren't inherited
9.3.2.3. Good background practices
9.3.3. Repeats with Direction
9.3.4. Background Positioning
9.3.4.1. Keywords
9.3.4.2. Percentage values
9.3.4.3. Length values
9.3.5. Repeats with Direction (Revisited)
9.3.6. Getting Attached
9.3.6.1. Interesting effects
9.3.7. Bringing It All Together
9.4. Summary
10. Floating and Positioning
10.1. Floating
10.1.1. Floated Elements
10.1.1.1. No floating at all
10.1.2. Floating: The Details
10.1.3. Applied Behavior
10.1.3.1. Negative margins
10.1.4. Floats, Content, and Overlapping
10.1.5. Clearing
10.2. Positioning
10.2.1. Basic Concepts
10.2.1.1. Types of positioning
10.2.1.2. The containing block
10.2.1.3. Offset properties
10.2.2. Width and Height
10.2.2.1. Setting width and height
10.2.2.2. Limiting width and height
10.2.3. Content Overflow and Clipping
10.2.3.1. Overflow
10.2.3.2. Content clipping
10.2.4. Element Visibility
10.2.5. Absolute Positioning
10.2.5.1. Containing blocks and absolutely positioned elements
10.2.5.2. Placement and sizing of absolutely positioned elements
10.2.5.3. Auto-edges
10.2.5.4. Placing and sizing nonreplaced elements
10.2.5.5. Placing and sizing replaced elements
10.2.5.6. Placement on the z-axis
10.2.6. Fixed Positioning
10.2.7. Relative Positioning
10.3. Summary
11. Table Layout
11.1. Table Formatting
11.1.1. Visually Arranging a Table
11.1.1.1. Table arrangement rules
11.1.2. Table Display Values
11.1.2.1. Row primacy
11.1.2.2. Columns
11.1.3. Anonymous Table Objects
11.1.3.1. Object insertion rules
11.1.4. Table Layers
11.1.5. Captions
11.2. Table Cell Borders
11.2.1. Separated Cell Borders
11.2.1.1. Border spacing
11.2.1.2. Handling empty cells
11.2.2. Collapsing Cell Borders
11.2.2.1. Collapsing border layout
11.2.2.2. Border collapsing
11.3. Table Sizing
11.3.1. Width
11.3.1.1. Fixed layout
11.3.1.2. Automatic layout
11.3.2. Height
11.3.3. Alignment
11.4. Summary
12. Lists and Generated Content
12.1. Lists
12.1.1. Types of Lists
12.1.2. List Item Images
12.1.3. List-Marker Positions
12.1.4. List Styles in Shorthand
12.1.5. List Layout
12.2. Generated Content
12.2.1. Inserting Generated Content
12.2.2. Specifying Content
12.2.2.1. Inserting attribute values
12.2.2.2. Generated quotes
12.2.3. Counters
12.2.3.1. Resetting and incrementing
12.2.3.2. Using counters
12.2.3.3. Counters and scope
12.3. Summary
13. User Interface Styles
13.1. System Fonts and Colors
13.1.1. System Fonts
13.1.2. System Colors
13.2. Cursors
13.2.1. Changing the Cursor
13.2.1.1. Pointing and selection cursors
13.2.1.2. Movement cursors
13.2.1.3. Waiting and progressing
13.2.1.4. Providing help
13.2.1.5. Graphic cursors
13.3. Outlines
13.3.1. Setting an Outline's Style
13.3.2. Outline Width
13.3.3. Coloring an Outline
13.3.4. Bringing It All Together
13.4. Summary
14. Non-Screen Media
14.1. Designating Medium-Specific Style Sheets
14.2. Paged Media
14.2.1. Print Styles
14.2.1.1. Differences between screen and print
14.2.1.2. Defining the page size
14.2.1.3. Selecting page types
14.2.1.4. Page breaking
14.2.1.5. Orphans and widows
14.2.1.6. Page-breaking behavior
14.2.1.7. Repeated elements
14.2.1.8. Elements outside the page
14.2.2. Projection Styles
14.2.2.1. Setting up slides
14.2.2.2. Positioning elements
14.2.2.3. Considerations for projection
14.3. Aural Styles
14.3.1. Speaking
14.3.1.1. Punctuation and numbers
14.3.1.2. Speaking table headers
14.3.1.3. Speech rate
14.3.2. Volume
14.3.3. Giving Voice
14.3.4. Altering the Voice
14.3.4.1. Changing the pitch
14.3.4.2. Stress and richness
14.3.5. Pauses and Cues
14.3.5.1. Pauses
14.3.5.2. Cues
14.3.5.3. Pauses, cues, and generated content
14.3.6. Background Sounds
14.3.7. Positioning Sounds
14.3.7.1. Combining azimuth with elevation
14.4. Summary
A. Property Reference
A.1. Visual Media
A.1.1. background
A.1.2. background-attachment
A.1.3. background-color
A.1.4. background-image
A.1.5. background-position
A.1.6. background-repeat
A.1.7. border
A.1.8. border-bottom
A.1.9. border-bottom-color
A.1.10. border-bottom-style
A.1.11. border-bottom-width
A.1.12. border-color
A.1.13. border-left
A.1.14. border-left-color
A.1.15. border-left-style
A.1.16. border-left-width
A.1.17. border-right
A.1.18. border-right-color
A.1.19. border-right-style
A.1.20. border-right-width
A.1.21. border-style
A.1.22. border-top
A.1.23. border-top-color
A.1.24. border-top-style
A.1.25. border-top-width
A.1.26. border-width
A.1.27. bottom
A.1.28. clear
A.1.29. clip
A.1.30. color
A.1.31. content
A.1.32. counter-increment
A.1.33. counter-reset
A.1.34. cursor
A.1.35. direction
A.1.36. display
A.1.37. float
A.1.38. font
A.1.39. font-family
A.1.40. font-size
A.1.41. font-style
A.1.42. font-variant
A.1.43. font-weight
A.1.44. height
A.1.45. left
A.1.46. letter-spacing
A.1.47. line-height
A.1.48. list-style
A.1.49. list-style-image
A.1.50. list-style-position
A.1.51. list-style-type
A.1.52. margin
A.1.53. margin-bottom
A.1.54. margin-left
A.1.55. margin-right
A.1.56. margin-top
A.1.57. max-height
A.1.58. max-width
A.1.59. min-height
A.1.60. min-width
A.1.61. outline
A.1.62. outline-color
A.1.63. outline-style
A.1.64. outline-width
A.1.65. overflow
A.1.66. padding
A.1.67. padding-bottom
A.1.68. padding-left
A.1.69. padding-right
A.1.70. padding-top
A.1.71. position
A.1.72. quotes
A.1.73. right
A.1.74. text-align
A.1.75. text-decoration
A.1.76. text-indent
A.1.77. text-transform
A.1.78. top
A.1.79. unicode-bidi
A.1.80. vertical-align
A.1.81. visibility
A.1.82. white-space
A.1.83. width
A.1.84. word-spacing
A.1.85. z-index
A.2. Tables
A.2.1. border-collapse
A.2.2. border-spacing
A.2.3. caption-side
A.2.4. empty-cells
A.2.5. table-layout
A.3. Paged Media
A.3.1. orphans
A.3.2. page-break-after
A.3.3. page-break-before
A.3.4. page-break-inside
A.3.5. widows
A.4. Dropped from CSS2.1
A.5. Visual Styles
A.5.1. font-size-adjust
A.5.2. font-stretch
A.5.3. marker-offset
A.5.4. text-shadow
A.6. Paged Media
A.6.1. marks
A.6.2. page
A.6.3. size
A.7. Aural Styles
A.7.1. azimuth
A.7.2. cue
A.7.3. cue-after
A.7.4. cue-before
A.7.5. elevation
A.7.6. pause
A.7.7. pause-after
A.7.8. pause-before
A.7.9. pitch
A.7.10. pitch-range
A.7.11. play-during
A.7.12. richness
A.7.13. speak
A.7.14. speak-header
A.7.15. speak-numeral
A.7.16. speak-punctuation
A.7.17. speech-rate
A.7.18. stress
A.7.19. voice-family
A.7.20. volume
B. Selector, Pseudo-Class, and Pseudo-Element Reference
B.1. Selectors
B.1.1. Universal Selector
B.1.2. Type Selector
B.1.3. Descendant Selector
B.1.4. Child Selector
B.1.5. Adjacent Sibling Selector
B.1.6. Class Selector
B.1.7. ID Selector
B.1.8. Simple Attribute Selector
B.1.9. Exact Attribute Value Selector
B.1.10. Partial Attribute Value Selector
B.1.11. Beginning Substring Attribute Value Selector
B.1.12. Ending Substring Attribute Value Selector
B.1.13. Arbitrary Substring Attribute Value Selector
B.1.14. Language Attribute Selector
B.2. Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
B.2.1. :active
B.2.2. :after
B.2.3. :before
B.2.4. :first-child
B.2.5. :first-letter
B.2.6. :first-line
B.2.7. :focus
B.2.8. :hover
B.2.9. :lang
B.2.10. :link
B.2.11. :visited
C. Sample HTML 4 Style Sheet
Index
About the Author
Colophon
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