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Index
List of Tables and Charts---6
What Postmodernism Is---7
The postmodern vanguard: Foucault, Lyotard, Derrida, Rorty---7
Modern and postmodern--- 9
Modernism and the Enlightenment---9
Postmodernism versus the Enlightenment--- 11
Postmodern academic themes--- 12
Postmodern cultural themes--- 13
Why postmodernism?--- 13
The Counter-Enlightenment Attack on Reason--- 15
Enlightenment reason, liberalism, and science---15
The beginnings of the Counter-Enlightenment--- 15
Kant’s skeptical conclusion--- 16
Kant’s problematic from empiricism and rationalism--- 17
Kant’s essential argument--- 18
Identifying Kant’s key assumptions--- 20
Why Kant is the turning point--- 21
After Kant: reality or reason, but not both--- 22
Metaphysical solutions to Kant: from Hegel to Nietzsche 23
Dialectic and saving religion 24
Hegel’s contribution to postmodernism--- 25
Epistemological solutions to Kant: irrationalism from Kierkegaard to Nietzsche--- 26
Summary of irrationalist themes--- 28
The Twentieth-Century Collapse of Reason--- 30
Heidegger’s synthesis of the Continental tradition--- 30
Setting aside reason and logic--- 31
Emotions as revelatory---. 32
Heidegger and postmodernism--- 33
Positivism and Analytic philosophy: from Europe to America--- 34
From Positivism to Analysis--- 35
Recasting philosophy’s function--- 36
Perception, Concepts, and Logic--- 37
From the collapse of Logical Positivism to Kuhn and Rorty--- 39
Summary: A vacuum for postmodernism to fill--- 39
First thesis: Postmodernism is the end result of Kantian epistemology--- 40
The Climate of Collectivism--- 42
From postmodern epistemology to postmodern politics--- 42
The argument of the next three chapters--- 43
Responding to socialism’s crisis of theory and evidence--- 44
Back to Rousseau--- 44
Rousseau’s Counter-Enlightenment--- 45
Rousseau’s collectivism and statism--- 47
Rousseau and the French Revolution--- 49
Counter-Enlightenment politics: Right and Left collectivism--- 50
Kant on collectivism and war--- 51
Herder on multicultural relativism--- 53
Fichte on education as socialization--- 55
Hegel on worshipping the state--- 58
From Hegel to the twentieth century--- 60
Right versus Left collectivism in the twentieth century--- 61
The Rise of National Socialism: Who are the real socialists?--- 63
The Crisis of Socialism--- 66
Marxism and waiting for Godot--- 66
Three failed predictions--- 66
Socialism needs an aristocracy: Lenin, Mao, and the lesson of the German Social Democrats--- 67
Good news for socialism: depression and war--- 68
Bad news: liberal capitalism rebounds--- 69
Worse news: Khrushchev’s revelations and Hungary--- 70
Responding to the crisis: change socialism’s ethical standard--- 71
From need to equality--- 72
From wealth is good to wealth is bad--- 73
Responding to the crisis: change socialism’s epistemology--- 74
Marcuse and the Frankfurt School: Marx plus Freud, or oppression plus repression--- 75
The rise and fall of Left terrorism--- 78
From the collapse of the New Left to postmodernism--- 79
Postmodern Strategy--- 81
Connecting epistemology to politics--- 81
Unmasking and rhetoric--- 81
When theory clashes with fact--- 83
Kierkegaardian postmodernism--- 83
Reversing Thrasymachus--- 84
Using contradictory discourses as a political strategy--- 85
Machiavellian postmodernism--- 85
Machiavellian rhetorical discourses--- 86
Deconstruction as an educational strategy--- 86
Ressentiment postmodernism--- 88
Nietzschean ressentiment--- 88
Foucault and Derrida on the end of man--- 90
Ressentiment strategy--- 91
Post-postmodernism--- 92
Bibliography--- 93
Acknowledgements--- 97
Free Speech & Postmodernism--- 98
Sample speech codes--- 98
Why not rely on the First Amendment?--- 98
Context: Why the Left?--- 99
Affirmative action as a working example--- 99
Egalitarianism--- 100
Inequalities along racial and sexual lines--- 101
The social construction of minds--- 101
Speakers and censors--- 102
The heart of the debate---. 103
The justification of freedom of speech--- 103
Three special cases---103
Racial and sexual hate speech--- 104
The university as a special case--- 104
From Modern to Postmodern Art: Why Art Became Ugly--- 106
Introduction: the death of modernism--- 106
Modernism’s themes--- 106
Postmodernism’s four themes--- 108
The future of art--- 110
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http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=3161
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