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Index
Cover Title Copyright About the Authors A Quarter-Century of Excellence Preface Contents 1 INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
1.2.1 Systems of Units
1.2.1 Systems of Units 1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
1.4.1 Density 1.4.2 Specific Weight 1.4.3 Specific Gravity
1.4.1 Density 1.4.2 Specific Weight 1.4.3 Specific Gravity 1.5 Ideal Gas Law 1.6 Viscosity 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 1.7.3 Speed of Sound
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 1.7.3 Speed of Sound 1.8 Vapor Pressure 1.9 Surface Tension 1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
1.2.1 Systems of Units
1.2.1 Systems of Units 1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
1.4.1 Density 1.4.2 Specific Weight 1.4.3 Specific Gravity
1.4.1 Density 1.4.2 Specific Weight 1.4.3 Specific Gravity 1.5 Ideal Gas Law 1.6 Viscosity 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 1.7.3 Speed of Sound
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 1.7.3 Speed of Sound 1.8 Vapor Pressure 1.9 Surface Tension 1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 2 FLUID STATICS
Learning Objectives 2.1 Pressure at a Point 2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 2.6 Manometry
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 2.9 Pressure Prism 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 2.11.2 Stability
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 2.11.2 Stability 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion
2.12.1 Linear Motion 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation
2.12.1 Linear Motion 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation 2.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 2.1 Pressure at a Point 2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 2.6 Manometry
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 2.9 Pressure Prism 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 2.11.2 Stability
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 2.11.2 Stability 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion
2.12.1 Linear Motion 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation
2.12.1 Linear Motion 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation 2.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 3 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS—THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
Learning Objectives 3.1 Newton’s Second Law 3.2 F = ma along a Streamline 3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline 3.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation 3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.6.1 Free Jets 3.6.2 Confined Flows 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
3.6.1 Free Jets 3.6.2 Confined Flows 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 3.8.4 Other Restrictions
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 3.8.4 Other Restrictions 3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 3.1 Newton’s Second Law 3.2 F = ma along a Streamline 3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline 3.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation 3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.6.1 Free Jets 3.6.2 Confined Flows 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
3.6.1 Free Jets 3.6.2 Confined Flows 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 3.8.4 Other Restrictions
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 3.8.4 Other Restrictions 3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 4 FLUID KINEMATICS
Learning Objectives 4.1 The Velocity Field
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 4.2 The Acceleration Field
4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 4.2.3 Convective Effects 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates
4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 4.2.3 Convective Effects 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 4.4.4 Steady Effects 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 4.4.4 Steady Effects 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume 4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 4.1 The Velocity Field
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 4.2 The Acceleration Field
4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 4.2.3 Convective Effects 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates
4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 4.2.3 Convective Effects 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 4.4.4 Steady Effects 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 4.4.4 Steady Effects 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume 4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 5 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS
Learning Objectives 5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume 5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—Irreversible Flow
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 5.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume 5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—Irreversible Flow
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 5.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
Learning Objectives 6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 6.2 Conservation of Mass
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 6.2.3 The Stream Function
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 6.2.3 The Stream Function 6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 6.3.2 Equations of Motion
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 6.3.2 Equations of Motion 6.4 Inviscid Flow
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 6.5.2 Source and Sink 6.5.3 Vortex 6.5.4 Doublet
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 6.5.2 Source and Sink 6.5.3 Vortex 6.5.4 Doublet 6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder 6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 6.8 Viscous Flow
6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations
6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations 6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates 6.9.2 Couette Flow 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates 6.9.2 Couette Flow 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
6.10.1 Numerical Methods
6.10.1 Numerical Methods 6.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 6.2 Conservation of Mass
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 6.2.3 The Stream Function
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 6.2.3 The Stream Function 6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 6.3.2 Equations of Motion
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 6.3.2 Equations of Motion 6.4 Inviscid Flow
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 6.5.2 Source and Sink 6.5.3 Vortex 6.5.4 Doublet
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 6.5.2 Source and Sink 6.5.3 Vortex 6.5.4 Doublet 6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder 6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 6.8 Viscous Flow
6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations
6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations 6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates 6.9.2 Couette Flow 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates 6.9.2 Couette Flow 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
6.10.1 Numerical Methods
6.10.1 Numerical Methods 6.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, SIMILITUDE, AND MODELING
Learning Objectives 7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis
7.4.1 Selection of Variables 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms
7.4.1 Selection of Variables 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 7.8 Modeling and Similitude
7.8.1 Theory of Models 7.8.2 Model Scales 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models
7.8.1 Theory of Models 7.8.2 Model Scales 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies
7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface
7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations 7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis
7.4.1 Selection of Variables 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms
7.4.1 Selection of Variables 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 7.8 Modeling and Similitude
7.8.1 Theory of Models 7.8.2 Model Scales 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models
7.8.1 Theory of Models 7.8.2 Model Scales 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies
7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface
7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations 7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 8 VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES
Learning Objectives 8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 8.2.4 Energy Considerations
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 8.2.4 Energy Considerations 8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence 8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
8.4.1 Major Losses 8.4.2 Minor Losses 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits
8.4.1 Major Losses 8.4.2 Minor Losses 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 8.5 Pipe Flow Examples
8.5.1 Single Pipes 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems
8.5.1 Single Pipes 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 8.6.2 Volume Flowmeters
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 8.6.2 Volume Flowmeters 8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 8.2.4 Energy Considerations
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 8.2.4 Energy Considerations 8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence 8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
8.4.1 Major Losses 8.4.2 Minor Losses 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits
8.4.1 Major Losses 8.4.2 Minor Losses 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 8.5 Pipe Flow Examples
8.5.1 Single Pipes 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems
8.5.1 Single Pipes 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 8.6.2 Volume Flowmeters
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 8.6.2 Volume Flowmeters 8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 9 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES
Learning Objectives 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object 9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient 9.3 Drag
9.3.1 Friction Drag 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples
9.3.1 Friction Drag 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 9.4 Lift
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 9.4.2 Circulation
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 9.4.2 Circulation 9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object 9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient 9.3 Drag
9.3.1 Friction Drag 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples
9.3.1 Friction Drag 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 9.4 Lift
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 9.4.2 Circulation
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 9.4.2 Circulation 9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 10 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
Learning Objectives 10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 10.2 Surface Waves
10.2.1 Wave Speed 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects
10.2.1 Wave Speed 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 10.3 Energy Considerations
10.3.1 Energy Balance 10.3.2 Specific Energy
10.3.1 Energy Balance 10.3.2 Specific Energy 10.4 Uniform Flow
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples 10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates 10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 10.2 Surface Waves
10.2.1 Wave Speed 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects
10.2.1 Wave Speed 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 10.3 Energy Considerations
10.3.1 Energy Balance 10.3.2 Specific Energy
10.3.1 Energy Balance 10.3.2 Specific Energy 10.4 Uniform Flow
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples 10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates 10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 11 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Learning Objectives 11.1 Ideal Gas Thermodynamics 11.2 Stagnation Properties 11.3 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 11.4 Compressible Flow Regimes 11.5 Shock Waves
11.5.1 Normal Shock
11.5.1 Normal Shock 11.6 Isentropic Flow
11.6.1 Steady Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.6.2 Incompressible Flow and Bernoulli’s Equation 11.6.3 The Critical State
11.6.1 Steady Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.6.2 Incompressible Flow and Bernoulli’s Equation 11.6.3 The Critical State 11.7 One-Dimensional Flow in a Variable Area Duct
11.7.1 General Considerations 11.7.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas With Area Change 11.7.3 Operation of a Converging Nozzle 11.7.4 Operation of a Converging–Diverging Nozzle
11.7.1 General Considerations 11.7.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas With Area Change 11.7.3 Operation of a Converging Nozzle 11.7.4 Operation of a Converging–Diverging Nozzle 11.8 Constant-Area Duct Flow With Friction
11.8.1 Preliminary Consideration: Comparison with Incompressible Duct Flow 11.8.2 The Fanno Line 11.8.3 Adiabatic Frictional Flow (Fanno Flow) of an Ideal Gas
11.8.1 Preliminary Consideration: Comparison with Incompressible Duct Flow 11.8.2 The Fanno Line 11.8.3 Adiabatic Frictional Flow (Fanno Flow) of an Ideal Gas 11.9 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heating or Cooling
11.9.1 The Rayleigh Line 11.9.2 Frictionless Flow of an Ideal Gas with Heating or Cooling (Rayleigh Flow) 11.9.3 Rayleigh Lines, Fanno Lines, and Normal Shocks
11.9.1 The Rayleigh Line 11.9.2 Frictionless Flow of an Ideal Gas with Heating or Cooling (Rayleigh Flow) 11.9.3 Rayleigh Lines, Fanno Lines, and Normal Shocks 11.10 Analogy between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows 11.11 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 11.12 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 11.1 Ideal Gas Thermodynamics 11.2 Stagnation Properties 11.3 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 11.4 Compressible Flow Regimes 11.5 Shock Waves
11.5.1 Normal Shock
11.5.1 Normal Shock 11.6 Isentropic Flow
11.6.1 Steady Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.6.2 Incompressible Flow and Bernoulli’s Equation 11.6.3 The Critical State
11.6.1 Steady Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.6.2 Incompressible Flow and Bernoulli’s Equation 11.6.3 The Critical State 11.7 One-Dimensional Flow in a Variable Area Duct
11.7.1 General Considerations 11.7.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas With Area Change 11.7.3 Operation of a Converging Nozzle 11.7.4 Operation of a Converging–Diverging Nozzle
11.7.1 General Considerations 11.7.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas With Area Change 11.7.3 Operation of a Converging Nozzle 11.7.4 Operation of a Converging–Diverging Nozzle 11.8 Constant-Area Duct Flow With Friction
11.8.1 Preliminary Consideration: Comparison with Incompressible Duct Flow 11.8.2 The Fanno Line 11.8.3 Adiabatic Frictional Flow (Fanno Flow) of an Ideal Gas
11.8.1 Preliminary Consideration: Comparison with Incompressible Duct Flow 11.8.2 The Fanno Line 11.8.3 Adiabatic Frictional Flow (Fanno Flow) of an Ideal Gas 11.9 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heating or Cooling
11.9.1 The Rayleigh Line 11.9.2 Frictionless Flow of an Ideal Gas with Heating or Cooling (Rayleigh Flow) 11.9.3 Rayleigh Lines, Fanno Lines, and Normal Shocks
11.9.1 The Rayleigh Line 11.9.2 Frictionless Flow of an Ideal Gas with Heating or Cooling (Rayleigh Flow) 11.9.3 Rayleigh Lines, Fanno Lines, and Normal Shocks 11.10 Analogy between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows 11.11 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 11.12 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems 12 TURBOMACHINES
Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 12.3 Angular Momentum Considerations 12.4 The Centrifugal Pump
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 12.4.4 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 12.4.4 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection 12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 12.5.2 Specific Speed 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 12.5.2 Specific Speed 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 12.7 Fans 12.8 Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines
12.9.1 Compressors 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines
12.9.1 Compressors 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines 12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems
Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 12.3 Angular Momentum Considerations 12.4 The Centrifugal Pump
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 12.4.4 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 12.4.4 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection 12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 12.5.2 Specific Speed 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 12.5.2 Specific Speed 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 12.7 Fans 12.8 Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines
12.9.1 Compressors 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines
12.9.1 Compressors 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines 12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide References Problems Appendix A Computational Fluid Dynamics Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids Appendix C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere Appendix D Compressible Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas Appendix E Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors Answers to Selected Problems Index Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases Conversion Factors Friction Factors - The Moody Table EULA
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