A History of Psychology by Lawson, Robert B. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History SECTION I The Present: Globalization, Psychology, and History

1 Contemporary Psychology: Global Forces

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Coming Together: The Evolution of Globalization

The Growth of Psychology Around the Globe Global Psychological Associations

Postmodernism and the Multicultural Movement

Postmodernism A Reevaluation of Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture and Boundaries

Development Initiatives and Indigenization

The Call for Indigenization Systematic Deterrents to the Development of Psychology in the Developing World Linking the Social and the Economic

Toward a Global Psychology Paradigm History of Psychology: A Framework Summary

2 Psychology: The American Approach

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Local–Global Dynamics in American Psychology

American Psychological Association (APA) Association for Psychological Science (APS)

Three Issues in American Psychology

Credentials Diversity Prescription Privileges

Definition and a New Vision for Psychology Summary

3 Nature of History and Methods of Study

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction

What’s Important Making History Approaches to the History of Psychology

Methods of Study in Psychology

Spiritualism and Science Sorcery in Salem The New History of Psychology Paradigms and Revolutions Specialization in Psychology

Psychology Makes a Difference Summary

SECTION II Early Philosophical and Biological Foundations of Scientific Psychology

4 Philosophical Foundations of Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction The Dawn of Civilization: Four River Valley Civilizations Early Explanatory Systems: Animism and Spirits Early Philosophies and Religions

Confucianism and Taoism Indian Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism Judaism

Greek Philosophy

Thales Anaximander and Pythagoras The Eleatics Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus Socrates Plato Aristotle

Roman Philosophies Christianity Islam

Islamic Science and Philosophy

Judaic Philosophers Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam The Renaissance: The Place and the People

Francesco Petrarch Martin Luther Niccolò Machiavelli

Renaissance Science

Nicolas Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Francis Bacon

The Modern Period: René Descartes Summary

5 Biological Foundations of Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction

Mind–Body Relationship Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)

Spinal Cord Studies

René Descartes (1596–1650) Robert Whytt (1714–1766) Charles Bell (1774–1842) Francois Magendie (1783–1855) Bell–Magendie Law Johannes Müller (1801–1858) Neural Impulses

Brain Localization

Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867) Pierre-Paul Broca (1824–1880) Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Phantom Limbs and Causalgia Phineas Gage (1823–1860)

Neural Units and Processes

The Golgi–Ramón y Cajal Controversy The Microelectrode CATS, PETS, and MRI Split Brains

Matters of the Mind

Decade of the Brain Minds and Monkeys Brain Challenges Affect and Health

Summary

6 Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction

Mind and Soul Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) Conscious and Unconscious Minds

Phrenology

Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) Phrenology in America Personality Assessment

Mesmerism

Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) Marquis de Puysegur (1751–1825)

Hypnosis

The Nancy School of Hypnosis The Parisian School of Hypnosis Laboratory Studies of Hypnosis The State and Non-State Model of Hypnosis Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis Hypnotic Phenomena: Age Regression

Hypnosis and Clinical Psychology, Efficacy Studies, and Prevention Summary

7 Associationism

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Origins of Human Knowledge

Empiricism Revelation Positivism Associationism

The British Empiricists

John Locke (1632–1704) George Berkeley (1685–1753) David Hume (1711–1776)

The British Associationists

David Hartley (1705–1757) The Family Mills Alexander Bain (1818–1903) Counterpoint: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)

Associationism: Later Developments

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) Sensory Conditioning Selective Deprivation Studies Repressed Memories The Seven Sins of Memory

Summary

SECTION III Schools of Psychology

8 Voluntarism and Structuralism

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Psychophysical Laws and Consciousness

Weber’s Law Weber–Fechner Law Stevens’ Law

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

Establishment of Psychology as an Independent Science Voluntarism: The Subject Matter and Method of Study The Composition of Consciousness Apperception Mental Chronometry Völkerpsychologie or Cultural Psychology

Alternatives to Voluntarism

Franz Brentano (1838–1917) and Act Psychology Oswald Külpe (1862–1915) and Imageless Thought Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) and Structuralism

The Origins of the Psychological Experiment The Elements of Love Summary

9 Functionalism

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Setting the Stage for Functionalism

Charles Darwin: Evolution Is Adaptive and Functional Darwin and Psychology The Legacy of Charles Darwin Sir Francis Galton: To Quantify Is to Know Galton and Psychology: Individual Differences Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism

Forerunners of Functionalism

William James: Psychologist, Philosopher, and Pragmatist James as a Psychologist James as a Philosopher Granville Stanley Hall: Scientific and Professional Psychology Hall Entering Psychology Hall as an Established Psychologist Hall and Scientific/Applied Psychology

The Founding of Functionalism

John Dewey: A Vermonter and Functionalist Dewey and Education James Rowland Angell: Popularizing Functionalism Harvey A. Carr: A Mature Functionalism

Functionalism at Columbia University

James McKeen Cattell: A Quantifiable and Functional Psychology Edward Lee Thorndike: Animal Behavior and Connectionism Robert Sessions Woodworth: Author and Educator

The Legacy of Functionalism and Contemporary Issues

Hugo Münsterberg: Popularizing Applied Psychology Forensic Psychology Clinical Psychology Industrial/Applied Psychology Lightner Witmer: The Beginnings of Clinical Psychology

A Functional Future Summary

10 Behaviorism

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Models of Learning

Stimulus–Response (S–R) Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) Response (R)

Mind, Motion, and Mapping: The Beginning

John Broadus Watson (1878–1958) Emotions, Thinking, and Instinct Karl Lashley (1890–1958) Mass Action and Equipotentiality

Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning

Basic Pavlovian Conditioning Applied Pavlovian Conditioning

Neobehaviorism

Clark Hull (1884–1952) Methodology and Learning Hypothetico-Deductive Theory of Behavior Drive Reduction Theory of Learning

Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)

Fundamental Ideas Theory and Experiments

Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907–1983)

Two-Factor Theory of Learning Emotional Conditioning

Burrhus Fredric Skinner (1904–1990)

Types of Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Law of Acquisition Behavioral Technology

Martin Seligman (1942–)

Learned Helplessness Learned Optimism Explanatory Style

Albert Bandura (1925–)

Social Learning Self-Efficacy Self-Regulation

Positive Psychology Summary

11 Gestalt Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction: The Figure and the Ground

Laying the Groundwork for Revolution

Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)

Phi Phenomenon Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization Productive Thinking

Kurt Koffka (1886–1941) Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)

The Mentality of Apes Coming to America

From Structuralism to Behaviorism Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)

Field Theory The Zeigarnik Effect Lewin in America The Child Welfare Research Station Action Research

Expanding Gestalt’s Influence Gestalt Therapy Gestalt Psychology Today Summary

12 Psychoanalysis

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Setting the Stage: Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis

The History of Attitudes/Ideas Concerning Psychopathology

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

Early Life The Development of Psychoanalysis Breuer and the Case of Anna O., Studies on Hysteria Freud’s Seduction Theory The Interpretation of Dreams The Psychopathology of Everyday Life Building a Legacy: Freud and His “Naughty Boys” Freud in America Theory of Personality Development Freud in Exile The Last Year

Following in Freud’s Footsteps

Anna Freud: Child Psychoanalysis Ernest Jones

Carl Jung (1875–1961)

The Final Break Psychological Types Personality Structure

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

Individual Psychology

Summary

13 Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Object Relations Theory

Melanie Klein W. R. D. Fairbairn

Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis and Object Relations

D. W. Winnicott Heinz Hartmann Margaret Mahler Heinz Kohut Erich Fromm Fromm’s Theory Erik Erikson Gordon Allport Henry Murray

A Third Force in Psychology: Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May

Summary

SECTION IV Diversity in Psychology

14 Women in the History of Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction: Women in Psychology Early Women in Psychology

Hildegard von Bingen Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)

Breaking the Educational Barrier

Mary Whiton Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn Christine Ladd-Franklin Lillien Jane Martin

Out of Academia

Leta Stetter Hollingworth Maria Montessori

Work and Marriage

Lillian Moller Gilbreth Anne Anastasi Rosser’s Stages of Women’s Participation in Science The Psychology of Women Karen Horney Re-Defining Gender Difference Janet Spence Sandra Bem Florence Denmark

Women Challenging Bias

Evelyn Hooker Mamie Phipps Clark

Women in Developmental Psychology

Anna Freud Mary Cover Jones Mary D. Salter Ainsworth

Groundbreakers and Newsmakers

Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Memory

Summary

15 Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Some Factors in the Experience of African Americans in Psychology

The Association of Black Psychologists Kenneth B. Clark Francis Cecil Sumner Dalmas A. Taylor Norman B. Anderson

Asian-American Contributions to Psychology

The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA) Stanley Sue Richard M. Suinn

Hispanic American Contributions

Martha Bernal

Native Americans and American Psychology

Carolyn Attneave

Summary

16 Psychology in Russia

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction An Overview of Russian History (1860–Present)

The Pre-Revolutionary Period (1860–1917) The Soviet Period (1917–1991) The Post-Soviet Period (1991–Beyond)

Pre-Revolutionary Psychology (1860–1917)

Ivan Michailovich Sechenov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Revolution: The Development of Soviet Psychology (1917–1991)

Vladimir Bekhterev

Soviet Repression and Reactology

Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov Konstantin Kornilov

Dialectical Materialism, Pedology, and Psychotechnics

Lev Vygotsky Alexander Luria Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev

The Soviet Union in the 1960s Post-Soviet Psychology: Picking Up the Pieces After Perestroika Summary

17 Psychology in China

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Philosophical Roots of Chinese Psychology

Confucianism Taoism The I Ching East Meets West: Early European Influence

Psychological Testing The Chinese Medical Model Psychology in China as an Experimental Science

Foreign Imports The Impact of Communism The Cultural Revolution Chinese Economic Reform

Chinese Psychology Faces Forward: Current Challenges and Opportunities Summary

18 Indigenous Psychologies: Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Introduction Latin American Psychology

Formal Institutions Social Problem Solvers

South African Psychology

Formal Institutions Shifts in Research

Indian-Asian Psychology

Formal Institutions Shifts in Research

Summary

SECTION V Applied Psychology

19 Clinical Psychology

Chapter Overview Learning Objectives The Making of a Profession

What Is a Profession Precursors and Origin of Clinical Psychology A Profession Needs the Backing of a Reputable Organization

A Defining Role for Clinical Psychologists: Testing and Assessment

Intelligence Testing Personality Testing

Treatment and Psychotherapy

From Mental Asylums to Community Mental Health Centers The 1920s World War II: Clinical Psychology Gains Clout From Independent Practice to Managed Care

Beyond Psychotherapy

Forensic Psychology Training

Summary

Epilogue References Name Index Subject Index

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