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Index
Title Page
Copyright Page
Chapter-Opening Excerpts
Boxed Features
Social Policy Sections
Maps
Summing Up Tables
Preface
1
Understanding Sociology
What Is Sociology?
The Sociological Imagination
Sociology and the Social Sciences
Sociology and Common Sense
What Is Sociological Theory?
The Development of Sociology
Early Thinkers
Émile Durkheim
Max Weber
Karl Marx
W. E. B. DuBois
Twentieth-Century Developments
Major Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalist Perspective
Conflict Perspective
Interactionist Perspective
The Sociological Approach
Applied and Clinical Sociology
Research Today: Looking at Sports from Four Theoretical Perspectives
Developing a Sociological Imagination
Theory in Practice
Research Today
Thinking Globally
The Significance of Social Inequality
Speaking across Race, Gender, and Religious Boundaries
Sociology in the Global Community: Your Morning Cup of Coffee
Social Policy throughout the World
Appendix: Careers in Sociology
2
Sociological Research
What Is the Scientific Method?
Defining the Problem
Reviewing the Literature
Formulating the Hypothesis
Collecting and Analyzing Data
Developing the Conclusion
In Summary: The Scientific Method
Major Research Designs
Surveys
Research Today: Surveying Cell Phone Users
Observation
Experiments
Use of Existing Sources
Ethics of Research
Research Today: What’s in a Name?
Confidentiality
Research Funding
Value Neutrality
Feminist Methodology
Taking Sociology to Work: Dave Eberbach, Research Coordinator, United Way of Central Iowa
Technology and Sociological Research
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY
Appendix I: Using Statistics and Graphs
Appendix II: Writing a Research Report
3
Culture
What Is Culture?
Cultural Universals
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Sociobiology and Culture
Development of Culture around the World
Innovation
Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology
Sociology in the Global Community: Life in the Global Village
Cultural Variation
Subcultures
Sociology in the Global Community: Cultural Survival in Brazil
Countercultures
Culture Shock
Role of Language
Language: Written and Spoken
Nonverbal Communication
Norms and Values
Norms
Sanctions
Values
Global Culture War
Culture and the Dominant Ideology
Sociology on Campus: A Culture of Cheating?
Case Study: Culture at Wal-Mart
SOCIAL POLICY AND CULTURE: BILINGUALISM
4
Socialization and the Life Course
The Role of Socialization
Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
The Influence of Heredity
The Self and Socialization
Sociological Approaches to the Self
Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students
Psychological Approaches to the Self
Agents of Socialization
Family
Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center
School
Peer Group
Mass Media and Technology
Workplace
Religion and the State
Research Today: Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization
Socialization throughout the Life Course
The Life Course
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIALIZATION: CHILD CARE AROUND THE WORLD
5
Social Interaction and Social Structure
Social Interaction and Reality
Elements of Social Structure
Statuses
Social Roles
Research Today: Disability as a Master Status
Groups
Social Institutions
Social Networks
Virtual Worlds
Research Today: Social Networks and Smoking
Sociology in the Global Community: The Second Life ® Virtual World
Social Structure in Global Perspective
Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION: REGULATING THE NET
6
Groups and Organizations
Understanding Groups
Types of Groups
Studying Small Groups
Research Today: The Drinking Rape Victim: Jury Decision Making
Understanding Organizations
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture
Sociology in the Global Community: McDonald’s and the Worldwide Bureaucratization of Society
Case Study: Bureaucracy and the Space Shuttle Columbia
Voluntary Associations
The Changing Workplace
Organizational Restructuring
Telecommuting
Sociology in the Global Community: Entrepreneurship, Japanese Style
Electronic Communication
SOCIAL POLICY AND ORGANIZATIONS: THE STATE OF THE UNIONS WORLDWIDE
7
The Mass Media
Sociological Perspectives on the Media
Functionalist View
Conflict View
Taking Sociology to Work: Nicole Martorano Van Cleve, Former Brand Planner, Leo Burnett USA
Research Today: The Color of Network TV
Feminist View
Interactionist View
The Audience
Who Is in the Audience?
The Segmented Audience
Audience Behavior
The Media’s Global Reach
Sociology in the Global Community: Al Jazeera Is on the Air
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE MASS MEDIA: MEDIA CONCENTRATION
8
Deviance and Social Control
Social Control
Conformity and Obedience
Informal and Formal Social Control
Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking
Law and Society
What Is Deviance?
Deviance and Social Stigma
Deviance and Technology
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance
Functionalist Perspective
Research Today: Does Crime Pay?
Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
Conflict Theory
Feminist Perspective
Crime
Types of Crime
Sociology on Campus: Campus Crime
Crime Statistics
Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret Service
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CONTROL: GUN CONTROL
9
Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States
Systems of Stratification
Slavery
Castes
Taking Sociology to Work: Jessica Houston Su, Research Assistant, Joblessness and Urban Poverty Research Program
Estates
Social Classes
Sociological Perspectives on Stratification
Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation
Max Weber’s View of Stratification
Interactionist View
Is Stratification Universal?
Functionalist View
Conflict View
Lenski’s Viewpoint
Stratification by Social Class
Objective Method of Measuring Social Class
Gender and Occupational Prestige
Multiple Measures
Income and Wealth
Poverty
Research Today: Precarious Work
Studying Poverty
Who Are the Poor?
Feminization of Poverty
Sociology in the Global Community: It’s All Relative: Appalachian Poverty and Congolese Affluence
The Underclass
Explaining Poverty
Life Chances
Social Mobility
Open versus Closed Stratification Systems
Types of Social Mobility
Sociology on Campus: Social Class and Financial Aid
Social Mobility in the United States
SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: RETHINKING WELFARE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE
10
Global Inequality
The Global Divide
Stratification in the World System
The Legacy of Colonialism
Multinational Corporations
Worldwide Poverty
Sociology in the Global Community: Cutting Poverty Worldwide
Sociology in the Global Community: The Global Disconnect
Modernization
Stratification within Nations: A Comparative Perspective
Distribution of Wealth and Income
Social Mobility
Sociology in the Global Community: Stratification in Japan
Taking Sociology to Work: Bari Katz, Program Director, National Conference for Community and Justice
Case Study: Stratification in Mexico
Mexico’s Economy
Race Relations in Mexico: The Color Hierarchy
The Status of Women in Mexico
The Borderlands
SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBAL INEQUALITY: UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS
11
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
Minority Groups
Race
Ethnicity
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
Color-Blind Racism
Discriminatory Behavior
The Privileges of the Dominant
Taking Sociology to Work: Prudence Hannis, Liaison Officer, National Institute of Science Research, University of Québec
Institutional Discrimination
Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
Functionalist Perspective
Conflict Perspective
Labeling Perspective
Interactionist Perspective
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Amalgamation
Assimilation
Segregation
Pluralism
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
African Americans
Native Americans
Asian Americans
Sociology in the Global Community: The Aboriginal People of Australia
Arab Americans
Latinos
Research Today: Social Mobility among Latino Immigrants
Jewish Americans
White Ethnics
SOCIAL POLICY AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY: GLOBAL IMMIGRATION
12
Stratification by Gender
Social Construction of Gender
Gender Roles in the United States
Sociology on Campus: The Debate over Title IX
Cross-Cultural Perspective
Sociological Perspectives on Gender
Functionalist View
Conflict Response
Feminist Perspective
Interactionist Approach
Women: The Oppressed Majority
Sexism and Sex Discrimination
The Status of Women Worldwide
Sociology in the Global Community: The Head Scarf and the Veil: Complex Symbols
Women in the Workforce of the United States
Labor Force Participation
Compensation
Social Consequences of Women’s Employment
Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
Taking Sociology to Work: Abigail E. Drevs, Former Program and Volunteer Coordinator, Y-ME Illinois
SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: THE BATTLE OVER ABORTION FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
13
Stratification by Age
Aging and Society
Sociological Perspectives on Aging
Taking Sociology to Work: A. David Roberts, Social Worker
Functionalist Approach: Disengagement Theory
Interactionist Approach: Activity Theory
Labeling Theory
Conflict Approach
Aging Worldwide
Role Transitions throughout the Life Course
Sociology in the Global Community: Aging, Japanese Style
The Sandwich Generation
Adjusting to Retirement
Death and Dying
Age Stratification in the United States
The “Graying of America”
Wealth and Income
Ageism
Competition in the Labor Force
The Elderly: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
Research Today: Elderspeak and Other Signs of Ageism
SOCIAL POLICY AND AGE STRATIFICATION: THE RIGHT TO DIE WORLDWIDE
14
The Family and Intimate Relationships
Global View of the Family
Composition: What Is the Family?
Sociology in the Global Community: One Wife, Many Husbands: The Nyinba
Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related?
Authority Patterns: Who Rules?
Sociological Perspectives on the Family
Functionalist View
Conflict View
Interactionist View
Feminist View
Marriage and Family
Courtship and Mate Selection
Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships
Research Today: Arranged Marriage, American-Style
Child-Rearing Patterns
Divorce
Statistical Trends in Divorce
Factors Associated with Divorce
Research Today: Divorce and Military Deployment
Impact of Divorce on Children
Diverse Lifestyles
Cohabitation
Remaining Single
Marriage without Children
Lesbian and Gay Relationships
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE FAMILY: GAY MARRIAGE
15
Religion
Durkheim and the Sociological Approach to Religion
World Religions
Sociological Perspectives on Religion
The Integrative Function of Religion
Religion and Social Support
Research Today: Income and Education, Religiously Speaking
Religion and Social Change
Religion and Social Control: A Conflict View
Feminist Perspective
Components of Religion
Belief
Ritual
Experience
Religious Organization
Ecclesiae
Denominations
Sects
New Religious Movements or Cults
Research Today: Islam in the United States
Research Today: The Church of Scientology: Religion or Quasi-Religion?
Comparing Forms of Religious Organization
Case Study: Religion in India
The Religious Tapestry in India
Religion and the State in India
SOCIAL POLICY AND RELIGION: RELIGION IN THE SCHOOLS
16
Education
Sociological Perspectives on Education
Functionalist View
Sociology on Campus: Google University
Conflict View
Taking Sociology to Work: Ray Zapata, Business Owner and Former Regent, Texas State University
Feminist View
Interactionist View
Schools as Formal Organizations
Bureaucratization of Schools
Research Today: Violence in the Schools
Teachers: Employees and Instructors
Student Subcultures
Homeschooling
SOCIAL POLICY AND EDUCATION: NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT
17
Government and Politics
Power and Authority
Power
Types of Authority
Sociology in the Global Community: Charisma: The Beatles and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Types of Government
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
Democracy
Political Behavior in the United States
Participation and Apathy
Taking Sociology to Work: Joshua Johnston, Congressional Aide, Office of Congressman Norm Dicks
Race and Gender in Politics
Research Today: Why Don’t More Young People Vote?
Models of Power Structure in the United States
Power Elite Models
Pluralist Model
War and Peace
War
Peace
Terrorism
Political Activism on the Internet
SOCIAL POLICY AND POLITICS: CAMPAIGN FINANCING
18
The Economy and Work
Economic Systems
Capitalism
Socialism
The Informal Economy
Sociology in the Global Community: Working Women in Nepal
Case Study: Capitalism in China
The Road to Capitalism
The Chinese Economy Today
Chinese Workers in the New Economy
Work and Alienation
Taking Sociology to Work: Amy Wang, Product Manager, Norman International Company
Marx’s View
Worker Satisfaction
Changing Economies
Microfinancing
The Changing Face of the Workforce
Research Today: Affirmative Action
Deindustrialization
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ECONOMY: GLOBAL OFFSHORING
19
Health, Medicine, and the Environment
Culture and Health
Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness
Functionalist Approach
Conflict Approach
Taking Sociology to Work: Lola Adedokun, Independent Consultant, Health Care Research
Interactionist Approach
Labeling Approach
Social Epidemiology and Health
Social Class
Research Today: The AIDS Epidemic
Race and Ethnicity
Gender
Research Today: Medical Apartheid
Age
Health Care in the United States
A Historical View
Physicians, Nurses, and Patients
Alternatives to Traditional Health Care
The Role of Government
Mental Illness in the United States
Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders
Patterns of Care
Sociological Perspectives on the Environment
Human Ecology
Conflict View of the Environment
Environmental Justice
Environmental Problems
Sociology in the Global Community: The Mysterious Fall of the Nacirema
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Global Warming
The Impact of Globalization
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTALISM
20
Population, Communities, and Urbanization
Demography: The Study of Population
Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response
Studying Population Today
Elements of Demography
Taking Sociology to Work: Kelsie Lenor Wilson-Dorsett, Deputy Director, Department of Statistics, Government of Bahamas
World Population Patterns
Demographic Transition
The Population Explosion
Fertility Patterns in the United States
Sociology in the Global Community: Population Policy in China
The Baby Boom
Stable Population Growth
Population and Migration
International Migration
Internal Migration
How Have Communities Changed?
Preindustrial Cities
Industrial and Postindustrial Cities
Urbanization
Functionalist View: Urban Ecology
Conflict View: New Urban Sociology
Sociology in the Global Community: Squatter Settlements
Types of Communities
Central Cities
Suburbs
Rural Areas
Rural Diversity
Rural Challenges
SOCIAL POLICY AND COMMUNITIES: SEEKING SHELTER WORLDWIDE
21
Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Theories of Collective Behavior
Emergent-Norm Perspective
Value-Added Perspective
Assembling Perspective
Forms of Collective Behavior
Crowds
Disaster Behavior
Fads and Fashions
Panics and Crazes
Rumors
Publics and Public Opinion
Social Movements
Relative Deprivation Approach
Resource Mobilization Approach
Gender and Social Movements
New Social Movements
Communications and the Globalization of Social Movements
Sociology in the Global Community: Women and New Social Movements in India
Research Today: Organizing for Controversy on the Web
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: DISABILITY RIGHTS
22
Social Change in the Global Community
Theories of Social Change
Evolutionary Theory
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Resistance to Social Change
Economic and Cultural Factors
Resistance to Technology
Global Social Change
Technology and the Future
Research Today: The Internet’s Global Profile
Sociology in the Global Community: One Laptop per Child
Computer Technology
Privacy and Censorship in a Global Village
Biotechnology and the Gene Pool
Research Today: The Human Genome Project
SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION: TRANSNATIONALS
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
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