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Index
Title Page Copyright Page Chapter-Opening Excerpts Boxed Features Social Policy Sections Maps Summing Up Tables Preface 1 Understanding Sociology What Is Sociology? The Sociological Imagination Sociology and the Social Sciences Sociology and Common Sense What Is Sociological Theory? The Development of Sociology Early Thinkers Émile Durkheim Max Weber Karl Marx W. E. B. DuBois Twentieth-Century Developments Major Theoretical Perspectives Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective Interactionist Perspective The Sociological Approach Applied and Clinical Sociology Research Today: Looking at Sports from Four Theoretical Perspectives Developing a Sociological Imagination Theory in Practice Research Today Thinking Globally The Significance of Social Inequality Speaking across Race, Gender, and Religious Boundaries Sociology in the Global Community: Your Morning Cup of Coffee Social Policy throughout the World Appendix: Careers in Sociology 2 Sociological Research What Is the Scientific Method? Defining the Problem Reviewing the Literature Formulating the Hypothesis Collecting and Analyzing Data Developing the Conclusion In Summary: The Scientific Method Major Research Designs Surveys Research Today: Surveying Cell Phone Users Observation Experiments Use of Existing Sources Ethics of Research Research Today: What’s in a Name? Confidentiality Research Funding Value Neutrality Feminist Methodology Taking Sociology to Work: Dave Eberbach, Research Coordinator, United Way of Central Iowa Technology and Sociological Research SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY Appendix I: Using Statistics and Graphs Appendix II: Writing a Research Report 3 Culture What Is Culture? Cultural Universals Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism Sociobiology and Culture Development of Culture around the World Innovation Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology Sociology in the Global Community: Life in the Global Village Cultural Variation Subcultures Sociology in the Global Community: Cultural Survival in Brazil Countercultures Culture Shock Role of Language Language: Written and Spoken Nonverbal Communication Norms and Values Norms Sanctions Values Global Culture War Culture and the Dominant Ideology Sociology on Campus: A Culture of Cheating? Case Study: Culture at Wal-Mart SOCIAL POLICY AND CULTURE: BILINGUALISM 4 Socialization and the Life Course The Role of Socialization Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation The Influence of Heredity The Self and Socialization Sociological Approaches to the Self Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students Psychological Approaches to the Self Agents of Socialization Family Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center School Peer Group Mass Media and Technology Workplace Religion and the State Research Today: Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization Socialization throughout the Life Course The Life Course Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIALIZATION: CHILD CARE AROUND THE WORLD 5 Social Interaction and Social Structure Social Interaction and Reality Elements of Social Structure Statuses Social Roles Research Today: Disability as a Master Status Groups Social Institutions Social Networks Virtual Worlds Research Today: Social Networks and Smoking Sociology in the Global Community: The Second Life ® Virtual World Social Structure in Global Perspective Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION: REGULATING THE NET 6 Groups and Organizations Understanding Groups Types of Groups Studying Small Groups Research Today: The Drinking Rape Victim: Jury Decision Making Understanding Organizations Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture Sociology in the Global Community: McDonald’s and the Worldwide Bureaucratization of Society Case Study: Bureaucracy and the Space Shuttle Columbia Voluntary Associations The Changing Workplace Organizational Restructuring Telecommuting Sociology in the Global Community: Entrepreneurship, Japanese Style Electronic Communication SOCIAL POLICY AND ORGANIZATIONS: THE STATE OF THE UNIONS WORLDWIDE 7 The Mass Media Sociological Perspectives on the Media Functionalist View Conflict View Taking Sociology to Work: Nicole Martorano Van Cleve, Former Brand Planner, Leo Burnett USA Research Today: The Color of Network TV Feminist View Interactionist View The Audience Who Is in the Audience? The Segmented Audience Audience Behavior The Media’s Global Reach Sociology in the Global Community: Al Jazeera Is on the Air SOCIAL POLICY AND THE MASS MEDIA: MEDIA CONCENTRATION 8 Deviance and Social Control Social Control Conformity and Obedience Informal and Formal Social Control Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking Law and Society What Is Deviance? Deviance and Social Stigma Deviance and Technology Sociological Perspectives on Deviance Functionalist Perspective Research Today: Does Crime Pay? Interactionist Perspective Labeling Theory Conflict Theory Feminist Perspective Crime Types of Crime Sociology on Campus: Campus Crime Crime Statistics Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret Service SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CONTROL: GUN CONTROL 9 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States Systems of Stratification Slavery Castes Taking Sociology to Work: Jessica Houston Su, Research Assistant, Joblessness and Urban Poverty Research Program Estates Social Classes Sociological Perspectives on Stratification Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation Max Weber’s View of Stratification Interactionist View Is Stratification Universal? Functionalist View Conflict View Lenski’s Viewpoint Stratification by Social Class Objective Method of Measuring Social Class Gender and Occupational Prestige Multiple Measures Income and Wealth Poverty Research Today: Precarious Work Studying Poverty Who Are the Poor? Feminization of Poverty Sociology in the Global Community: It’s All Relative: Appalachian Poverty and Congolese Affluence The Underclass Explaining Poverty Life Chances Social Mobility Open versus Closed Stratification Systems Types of Social Mobility Sociology on Campus: Social Class and Financial Aid Social Mobility in the United States SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: RETHINKING WELFARE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE 10 Global Inequality The Global Divide Stratification in the World System The Legacy of Colonialism Multinational Corporations Worldwide Poverty Sociology in the Global Community: Cutting Poverty Worldwide Sociology in the Global Community: The Global Disconnect Modernization Stratification within Nations: A Comparative Perspective Distribution of Wealth and Income Social Mobility Sociology in the Global Community: Stratification in Japan Taking Sociology to Work: Bari Katz, Program Director, National Conference for Community and Justice Case Study: Stratification in Mexico Mexico’s Economy Race Relations in Mexico: The Color Hierarchy The Status of Women in Mexico The Borderlands SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBAL INEQUALITY: UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS 11 Racial and Ethnic Inequality Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Minority Groups Race Ethnicity Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice Color-Blind Racism Discriminatory Behavior The Privileges of the Dominant Taking Sociology to Work: Prudence Hannis, Liaison Officer, National Institute of Science Research, University of Québec Institutional Discrimination Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective Labeling Perspective Interactionist Perspective Patterns of Intergroup Relations Amalgamation Assimilation Segregation Pluralism Race and Ethnicity in the United States African Americans Native Americans Asian Americans Sociology in the Global Community: The Aboriginal People of Australia Arab Americans Latinos Research Today: Social Mobility among Latino Immigrants Jewish Americans White Ethnics SOCIAL POLICY AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY: GLOBAL IMMIGRATION 12 Stratification by Gender Social Construction of Gender Gender Roles in the United States Sociology on Campus: The Debate over Title IX Cross-Cultural Perspective Sociological Perspectives on Gender Functionalist View Conflict Response Feminist Perspective Interactionist Approach Women: The Oppressed Majority Sexism and Sex Discrimination The Status of Women Worldwide Sociology in the Global Community: The Head Scarf and the Veil: Complex Symbols Women in the Workforce of the United States Labor Force Participation Compensation Social Consequences of Women’s Employment Emergence of a Collective Consciousness Taking Sociology to Work: Abigail E. Drevs, Former Program and Volunteer Coordinator, Y-ME Illinois SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: THE BATTLE OVER ABORTION FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 13 Stratification by Age Aging and Society Sociological Perspectives on Aging Taking Sociology to Work: A. David Roberts, Social Worker Functionalist Approach: Disengagement Theory Interactionist Approach: Activity Theory Labeling Theory Conflict Approach Aging Worldwide Role Transitions throughout the Life Course Sociology in the Global Community: Aging, Japanese Style The Sandwich Generation Adjusting to Retirement Death and Dying Age Stratification in the United States The “Graying of America” Wealth and Income Ageism Competition in the Labor Force The Elderly: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness Research Today: Elderspeak and Other Signs of Ageism SOCIAL POLICY AND AGE STRATIFICATION: THE RIGHT TO DIE WORLDWIDE 14 The Family and Intimate Relationships Global View of the Family Composition: What Is the Family? Sociology in the Global Community: One Wife, Many Husbands: The Nyinba Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related? Authority Patterns: Who Rules? Sociological Perspectives on the Family Functionalist View Conflict View Interactionist View Feminist View Marriage and Family Courtship and Mate Selection Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships Research Today: Arranged Marriage, American-Style Child-Rearing Patterns Divorce Statistical Trends in Divorce Factors Associated with Divorce Research Today: Divorce and Military Deployment Impact of Divorce on Children Diverse Lifestyles Cohabitation Remaining Single Marriage without Children Lesbian and Gay Relationships SOCIAL POLICY AND THE FAMILY: GAY MARRIAGE 15 Religion Durkheim and the Sociological Approach to Religion World Religions Sociological Perspectives on Religion The Integrative Function of Religion Religion and Social Support Research Today: Income and Education, Religiously Speaking Religion and Social Change Religion and Social Control: A Conflict View Feminist Perspective Components of Religion Belief Ritual Experience Religious Organization Ecclesiae Denominations Sects New Religious Movements or Cults Research Today: Islam in the United States Research Today: The Church of Scientology: Religion or Quasi-Religion? Comparing Forms of Religious Organization Case Study: Religion in India The Religious Tapestry in India Religion and the State in India SOCIAL POLICY AND RELIGION: RELIGION IN THE SCHOOLS 16 Education Sociological Perspectives on Education Functionalist View Sociology on Campus: Google University Conflict View Taking Sociology to Work: Ray Zapata, Business Owner and Former Regent, Texas State University Feminist View Interactionist View Schools as Formal Organizations Bureaucratization of Schools Research Today: Violence in the Schools Teachers: Employees and Instructors Student Subcultures Homeschooling SOCIAL POLICY AND EDUCATION: NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT 17 Government and Politics Power and Authority Power Types of Authority Sociology in the Global Community: Charisma: The Beatles and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Types of Government Monarchy Oligarchy Dictatorship and Totalitarianism Democracy Political Behavior in the United States Participation and Apathy Taking Sociology to Work: Joshua Johnston, Congressional Aide, Office of Congressman Norm Dicks Race and Gender in Politics Research Today: Why Don’t More Young People Vote? Models of Power Structure in the United States Power Elite Models Pluralist Model War and Peace War Peace Terrorism Political Activism on the Internet SOCIAL POLICY AND POLITICS: CAMPAIGN FINANCING 18 The Economy and Work Economic Systems Capitalism Socialism The Informal Economy Sociology in the Global Community: Working Women in Nepal Case Study: Capitalism in China The Road to Capitalism The Chinese Economy Today Chinese Workers in the New Economy Work and Alienation Taking Sociology to Work: Amy Wang, Product Manager, Norman International Company Marx’s View Worker Satisfaction Changing Economies Microfinancing The Changing Face of the Workforce Research Today: Affirmative Action Deindustrialization SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ECONOMY: GLOBAL OFFSHORING 19 Health, Medicine, and the Environment Culture and Health Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness Functionalist Approach Conflict Approach Taking Sociology to Work: Lola Adedokun, Independent Consultant, Health Care Research Interactionist Approach Labeling Approach Social Epidemiology and Health Social Class Research Today: The AIDS Epidemic Race and Ethnicity Gender Research Today: Medical Apartheid Age Health Care in the United States A Historical View Physicians, Nurses, and Patients Alternatives to Traditional Health Care The Role of Government Mental Illness in the United States Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders Patterns of Care Sociological Perspectives on the Environment Human Ecology Conflict View of the Environment Environmental Justice Environmental Problems Sociology in the Global Community: The Mysterious Fall of the Nacirema Air Pollution Water Pollution Global Warming The Impact of Globalization SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTALISM 20 Population, Communities, and Urbanization Demography: The Study of Population Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response Studying Population Today Elements of Demography Taking Sociology to Work: Kelsie Lenor Wilson-Dorsett, Deputy Director, Department of Statistics, Government of Bahamas World Population Patterns Demographic Transition The Population Explosion Fertility Patterns in the United States Sociology in the Global Community: Population Policy in China The Baby Boom Stable Population Growth Population and Migration International Migration Internal Migration How Have Communities Changed? Preindustrial Cities Industrial and Postindustrial Cities Urbanization Functionalist View: Urban Ecology Conflict View: New Urban Sociology Sociology in the Global Community: Squatter Settlements Types of Communities Central Cities Suburbs Rural Areas Rural Diversity Rural Challenges SOCIAL POLICY AND COMMUNITIES: SEEKING SHELTER WORLDWIDE 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theories of Collective Behavior Emergent-Norm Perspective Value-Added Perspective Assembling Perspective Forms of Collective Behavior Crowds Disaster Behavior Fads and Fashions Panics and Crazes Rumors Publics and Public Opinion Social Movements Relative Deprivation Approach Resource Mobilization Approach Gender and Social Movements New Social Movements Communications and the Globalization of Social Movements Sociology in the Global Community: Women and New Social Movements in India Research Today: Organizing for Controversy on the Web SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: DISABILITY RIGHTS 22 Social Change in the Global Community Theories of Social Change Evolutionary Theory Functionalist Theory Conflict Theory Resistance to Social Change Economic and Cultural Factors Resistance to Technology Global Social Change Technology and the Future Research Today: The Internet’s Global Profile Sociology in the Global Community: One Laptop per Child Computer Technology Privacy and Censorship in a Global Village Biotechnology and the Gene Pool Research Today: The Human Genome Project SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION: TRANSNATIONALS Glossary References Acknowledgments Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index
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