Cognitive Neuroscience by Banich, Marie T. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Coverpage Half title Title page Imprints page Contents Contents Preface

Text Organization and Features ■ The book provides a systematic survey of the neural bases of a wide variety of mental functions ■ The sequence of the chapters is designed for progressive learning ■ The book is designed to actively engage students in the process of learning ■ State-of-the-art knowledge in the field is presented without sacrificing accuracy or oversimplifying the material What’s New in This Edition

■ The use of an integrated four-color art program ■ Addition of two new chapters ■ Extensive updating of the material to incorporate the acceleration of knowledge in the field

Acknowledgments

From Marie From Rebecca

Dedication Part I Fundamentals

Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System

Contents What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography” Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord Medulla: Control of Basic Functions Cerebellum: Fluid Movement Pons: A Connective Bridge Midbrain: Orienting by Sound and Sight Hypothalamus: Maintaining the Body’s Equilibrium Thalamus: Gateway to the Cortex Major Subcortical Systems: The Basal Ganglia and the Limbic System Cerebral Cortex

A Closer Look at Neurons

Electrochemical Signaling in the Nervous System

How Information Is Transferred Within a Neuron How Information Is Transferred Between Neurons How Postsynaptic Potentials Can Cause an Action Potential Factors That Modulate a Neuron’s Response

Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids: Glutamate and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Neurotransmitter Systems

Cholinergic System Serotonergic System Noradrenergic System Dopaminergic System

Overall Characteristics Subsystems

Interaction Between Neurotransmitter Systems

Myelination

A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex

Cytoarchitectonic Divisions Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices

Motor Cortex Somatosensory Cortex Visual Cortex Auditory Cortex Olfactory and Gustatory Cortex

Association Areas

Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe

White-Matter Tracts

Summary

What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography” Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System Electrochemical Signaling in the Nervous System Neurotransmitters Myelination A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex

Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives

Contents Ancient Times Until the 1800s The Twentieth Century: Heyday of the Lesion Method

Single-Case Versus Group Studies Inferences That Can Be Drawn From the Lesion Method Limitations of the Lesion Method

The 1960s, 70s, and 80s

Studies With Nonhuman Animals Electrophysiological Methods Disconnection Syndromes Split-Brain Studies Hemispheric Specialization: Left Brain, Right Brain

Testing the Isolated Hemispheres Research With Individuals Who Have Lateralized Lesions Research With Neurologically Intact Individuals Theoretical Conceptions of Hemispheric Differences Integration of Information Between the Hemispheres

The 1980s and 90s: The Advent of Brain Imaging

Anatomical Methods: Computerized Axial Tomography Functional Methods: Positron Emission Tomography

The Twenty-First Century: The Brain Imaging Revolution Summary

Ancient Times Until the 1800s The Twentieth Century: Heyday of the Lesion Method The 1960s, 70s, and 80s The 1980s and 90s: The Advent of Brain Imaging The Twenty-First Century: The Brain Imaging Revolution

Chapter 3 Methods

Contents Introduction Participant Populations

Clinical Populations Neurologically Intact Individuals

Techniques for Analyzing Behavior

The Role of Cognitive Theories Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged Populations

Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy: Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI)

The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Regional Brain Structure Anatomical Connectivity

Techniques for Revealing Where in the Brain Activity Is Occurring

Neurochemical Methods: Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

PET Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Oxygen-Related Methods: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

The BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) Signal Task-Based Approaches Resting-State Approaches Brain Connectivity

Electromagnetic Recording Methods

Electroencephalography Event-Related Potentials Magnetoencephalography

Optical Recording Methods Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Multilevel and Multi-modal Approaches Combining Computational and Neuroimaging Approaches Summary

Introduction Populations of Research Participants Techniques for Analyzing Behavior Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy Neurochemical Methods Techniques for Revealing When Activity Is Occurring: Electromagnetic Methods Optical Recording Methods Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity Multi-modal and Multimethod Approaches Combining Computational and Neuroimaging Approaches

Part II Neural Bases of Mental Functions

Contents Chapter 4 Motor Control

Contents Introduction Peripheral Control of Movement

Motor Tracts

Brain Structures Involved in Motor Control

Subcortical Regions

Cerebellum Basal Ganglia

Cortical Regions

Primary Motor Cortex Supplementary Motor Complex and Premotor Areas

Concept of a Motor Plan Supplementary Motor Complex Premotor Regions

Anterior Cingulate Cortex Right Inferior Frontal Cortex Parietal Lobe

Integrated Models of the Motor System

Motor Disorders

Subcortical Motor Disorders

Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Tourette’s Syndrome

Cortical Motor Disorders

Dichotomous Classifications of Apraxia Lesions That Lead to Apraxia Other Varieties of Apraxia

Summary

Brain Structures Involved in Motor Control Motor Disorders

Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception

Contents The Retina

Photoreceptors Ganglion Cells Receptive Fields

Receptive Fields of Retinal Cells Center-Surround Receptive Fields

Pathways From the Retina to the Brain

The Tectopulvinar Pathway The Geniculostriate Pathway

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Layers of the LGN Retinotopic Mapping in the LGN Feedback Connections to the LGN

Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)

Organization of Striate Cortex Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex

Visual Areas Beyond the Striate Cortex

Multiple Maps of the Visual World Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color? Blindsight and the Visual Pathways Divergence Into the “What” and “Where” Pathways

Auditory Processing

Computational Problems in Audition Organization of the Auditory Pathways Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location Organization of Auditory Cortex Auditory–Visual Interactions

Conclusions Summary

The Retina Photoreceptors Ganglion Cells Receptive Fields Pathways From the Retina to the Brain Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex) Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex Visual Areas Beyond the Striate Cortex Blindsight Auditory Processing

Chapter 6 Object Recognition

Contents The “What” Ventral Visual System Deficits in Visual Object Recognition

Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition

Theoretical Issues in Visual Object Recognition

Sparse Versus Population Coding for Objects The Problem of Invariance in Recognition Feature-Based Versus Configural Coding of Objects Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More Special Than Others?

Evidence From Other Primates Evidence From Prosopagnosia Evidence From Brain Imaging Studies If Faces Are Special, Why Are They Special? Bodies, Places, and Words Are Special Too

Object Recognition in Tactile and Auditory Modalities

Agnosias in Other Modalities Tactile Object Recognition Auditory Object Recognition What Versus Where Across Modalities

Summary

The “What” Ventral Visual System Deficits in Visual Object Recognition Theoretical Issues in Object Recognition Object Recognition in Other Modalities

Chapter 7 Spatial Cognition

Contents The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Cognition

Anatomy of the Dorsal Stream Cellular Properties in the Dorsal Stream

Coding for the Three Dimensions of Space

Distinguishing Left From Right Depth Perception

Spatial Frames of Reference

Neural Coding of Reference Frames Dissociability of Reference Frames Categorical Versus Coordinate Spatial Relations

Motion Perception

Specific Neural Regions for Motion Perception Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion

Accounting for Movement of the Eyes Accounting for Movement of the Body

Space and Action

Constructional Abilities Optic Ataxia Neural Mechanisms of Sensory-Motor Integration

Spatial Navigation

Navigational Skills Neural Coding for Spatial Environments

Parahippocampal Place Area Retrosplenial Cortex Medial Temporal Lobe

Challenges to the Dorsal–Ventral Stream Dichotomy Summary

The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Cognition Coding for the Three Dimensions of Space Spatial Frames of Reference Motion Perception Space and Action Space and Number Spatial Navigation

Chapter 8 Language

Contents Brain Systems for Auditory Language

Classic Neurological Conceptions Psycholinguistic Perspectives

Phonology Syntax Semantics

Evidence From Double Dissociations Language Processing From a Network Perspective

Reduced Evidence for Language-Dedicated Regions Overlap of Syntactic, Semantic, and Phonological Processing Interacting Brain Regions Enable Language Processing

Visual “Spoken” Language

Basic Structure of American Sign Language (ASL) Neural Organization of ASL

Neurological Bases for Visual Language Processing

Evidence From Studies of Patients With Brain Damage

Alexia Versus Agraphia Reading

Phonological Versus Direct Route to Meaning Neuropsychological Evidence for These Two Routes

Writing

Converging Evidence From Other Research Methods

Processing of Non-Indo-European Languages and Other Symbolic Systems

Kana and Kanji Music

Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language Processing

Prosody Semantics Narrative, Inference, and Metaphor

Summary

Neurological Bases for Auditory Language Processing Visual “Spoken” Language Neurological Bases for Visual Language Processing Processing of Non-Indo-European Languages and Other Symbolic Systems Language and the Right Hemisphere

Chapter 9 Memory and Learning

Contents What Is Memory? Hippocampal Damage Causes Amnesia, a Disorder of Long-Term Memory

Global Nature of the Deficit Temporal Profile of Affected Memories Spared Abilities

Spared Working Memory Spared Skill Learning

Multiple Memory and Learning Systems

What Distinguishes Memory Systems? Memory and Consciousness

Nonhippocampal Regions Involved in Memory and Learning

Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions: Initial Processing and Subsequent Access The Basal Ganglia: Skill Learning The Amygdala: An Interface between Memory and Emotion Anterior Temporal Regions: Amodal Storage of Semantic Information

Brain Systems for Different Stages of Memory

Encoding: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Regions Consolidation and Storage: How Critical Is the Hippocampus? Retrieval: Hippocampal, Prefrontal, and Parietal Mechanisms

The Role of the Hippocampus in Retrieval The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Retrieval The Role of the Parietal Cortex in Retrieval

Working Memory: The Ability to Hold and Manipulate Information On-Line

Patients with Deficits in Working Memory Studies with Nonhuman Animals: A Role for Prefrontal Cortex? Insights from Neurologically Intact Individuals

The Relationships Between Memory Systems

Theoretical and Computational Reasons for Distinct Memory Systems Interacting Memory Systems for Different Types and Stages of Learning

Summary

What Is Memory? Amnesia: A Disorder of Long-Term Memory Multiple Memory Systems Nonhippocampal Regions Involved in Memory Brain Systems That Contribute to Encoding, Consolidation and Storage, and Retrieval Working Memory The Relationships Between Memory Systems

Chapter 10 Attention

Contents What Is “Attention”? Brain Structures Mediating Arousal Brain Structures Mediating Vigilance and Sustained Attention Selective Attention

The Time Course of Attentional Selection Brain Regions Mediating Selective Attention

Superior Colliculus: Automatic Orienting Thalamus: Gating of Sensory Information Parietal Lobe

Superior Parietal Lobe: Top-Down Selection Inferior Parietal Lobe: Bottom-Up Salience Intraparietal Sulcus: Priority Maps

Anterior Cingulate and Supplementary Motor Area: Response-Related Selection Lateral Prefrontal Cortex: Goal Selection

Sources and Sites of Attentional Control Neural Mechanisms of Selection: Biased Competition

Neural Bases of Divided Attention Network Models of Attentional Control

A Distributed but Overlapping Network Altering, Orienting, and Executive Attention Selection of Goals Versus Detection of Behaviorally Relevant Stimuli The Default Network: The Lack of Attention or Internal Attention?

Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects

Clinical Features

Typical Manifestation Not Due to Sensory Deficits Modulated by Attentional Factors

Theories Regarding the Underlying Deficit Treatment

Hemineglect: Implications for Understanding Brain–Behavior Relationships

Attention Based on Objects Hemispheric Differences in Attentional Control Processing of Unattended Stimuli

Consciousness Summary

What Is “Attention”? Brain Structures Involved in Attention Network Models of Attentional Control Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects Hemineglect: Implications for Understanding Brain–Behavior Relationships Consciousness

Chapter 11 Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking

Contents Theoretical Perspectives

Controlled Versus Automatic Processes Goal-Centered Processing Multifactor Models

Goal-Directed Behaviors

Initiation of Behavior Creation and Maintenance of a Goal or Task Set Sequencing and Planning Shifting Set and Modifying Strategies Self-Monitoring and Evaluation Inhibition

Higher-Order Thinking

Abstract and Conceptual Thinking Rules and Inference Response to Novelty Judgment and Decision Making

Organization of the Brain for Executive Function A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive Function Summary

Theoretical Perspectives Goal-Directed Behaviors Higher-Order Thinking Organization of the Frontal Lobe for Executive Function A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive Function

Chapter 12 Emotion

Contents Subcortical Contributions to Emotion

Fight-or-Flight Response Fear and Emotional Learning

The Amygdala’s Role in Emotional Learning Connections to and from the Amygdala

Reward and Motivation

Cortical Contributions to Emotion

Representing Bodily Cues of Emotion Integrating Emotion and Action Incorporating Emotion into Decision Making Regulating Emotion Communicating and Interpreting Emotional Signals

Facial Expressions Prosody

Models of Emotional Experience

Summary

Subcortical Contributions to Emotion Cortical Contributions to Emotion

Chapter 13 Social Cognition

Contents Social Influence

Conformity Social Norm Compliance

Understanding Other Minds

Imitation and Simulation Theory of Mind Empathy Self Versus Other

Autism and Social Cognition Perceiving and Judging Social Groups

In-group–Out-group Effects Stereotyping and Prejudice Stereotype Threat

Summary

Social Brain Hypothesis Social Influence Understanding Other Minds Autism and Social Cognition Perceiving and Judging Social Groups

Part III Broader Applications

Contents Chapter 14 Psychopathology

Contents Schizophrenia

Symptoms and Features Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Disruption in Functional Connectivity What Causes Schizophrenia? Implications for Treatment

Depression

Symptoms and Features Frontal Lobe Posterior Cortical Regions Functional Connectivity Among Cortical Regions Subcortical Regions Therapeutic Interventions

How Standard Treatments for Depression Affect the Brain Noninvasive Stimulation Treatments Invasive Stimulation Treatments

Deep Brain Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms and Features Amygdala and Hippocampus Cortical Regions

Regulation of Anxiety Monitoring and the Anterior Cingulate Verbalization and Worry Posterior Regions and Anxious Arousal

Action Systems in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Substance Abuse and Addiction

Reward Pathways Orbitofrontal Cortex Other Brain Regions Implicated in Addiction

Conclusions and Caveats Summary

Schizophrenia Depression Anxiety Disorders Substance Abuse and Addiction

Chapter 15 Brain Development and Plasticity

Contents Development of the Brain

Changes in the Brain During Childhood

Synapse Formation and Pruning Myelination Changes in Functional Connectivity Associating Neural and Cognitive Development

Changes in the Brain During Adolescence Influence of the Environment on the Developing Brain

Environmental Enrichment and Deprivation Sensitive Periods in Development

Developmental Disorders

Intellectual Disability

Genetic Disorders Infections and Toxins

Dyslexia Autism Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Brain Plasticity in Adulthood Recovery of Function Following Brain Damage

Neurophysiological Responses to Insult Regional Mechanisms for Recovery of Function Recovery of Function in Adults Recovery of Function in Children

Changes in the Brain With Aging

Cognitive Changes With Aging Neural Changes With Aging Slowing the Effects of Aging

Summary

Development of the Brain Developmental Disorders Brain Plasticity and Recovery of Function Changes in the Brain with Aging

Chapter 16 Generalized Cognitive Disorders

Contents Closed Head Injury

Etiology Neuropsychological Consequences Intervention

Dementing Diseases

Cortical Dementias

Alzheimer’s Disease

Neuropsychological Profile Neurophysiological Bases Genetic Bases and Risk Factors Treatment and Prevention

Frontotemporal Dementia

Subcortical Dementias

Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease

Mixed-Variety Dementias

Multiple Sclerosis Epilepsy Disorders of Conscious Awareness Summary

Closed Head Injury Dementing Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Epilepsy Disorders of Conscious Awareness

Chapter 17 Cognitive Neuroscience and Society

Contents Public Perceptions of Neuroscience Neuroscience and Education Neuroscience and Social Inequality Neuroscience and the Law Neuroscience and Performance Optimization Neuroscience and the Marketplace The Neuroscience of Morality Summary

Public Perceptions of Neuroscience Neuroscience and Education Neuroscience and Social Inequality Neuroscience and the Law Neuroscience and Performance Optimization Neuroscience and the Marketplace The Neuroscience of Morality

Glossary References

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17

Index Endpapers

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