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Index
Cover Title Page Copyright Table of Contents Preface Introduction
Definitions, the market and the legal position References
The Evidence Base for Herbal Medicines
References
How to use Açaí: Euterpe oleracea Mart
Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Aloe Vera (Gel): Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., A. arborescens Mill. and other Aloe spp
Synonym Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Arnica: Arnica montana L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Artichoke: Cynara cardunculus L
Synonym Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ashwagandha: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Astragalus: Astragalus mongholicus Bunge
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Baobab: Adansonia digitata L
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Bearberry: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng
Synonyms Family Other common name Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Bilberry; Blueberry: Vaccinium myrtillus L.; V. angustifolium Aiton, V. corymbosum L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Birch, Silver and Downy: Betula pendula Roth; B. pubescens Ehrh. and hybrids
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Bitter Gourd: Momordica charantia L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Black Cohosh: Actaea racemosa L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Bladderwrack; Kelp: Fucus vesiculosus L., F. serratus L., Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Boldo: Peumus boldo Molina
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Brahmi: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Burdock: Arctium lappa L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Butcher's Broom: Ruscus aculeatus L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Butterbur: Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Calendula: Calendula officinalis L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Cannabis: Cannabis sativa L
Synonym Family Other common names Drug Name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Centaury: Centaurium erythraea Rafn
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Centella: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Chamomile, German: Matricaria chamomilla L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Chamomile, Roman: Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Chasteberry: Vitex agnus-castus L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Chilli/Capsicum: Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav. and other Capsicum spp
Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Cinnamon; Chinese Cinnamon/Cassia: Cinnamomum verum J. Presl; C. cassia (L.) J. Presl
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Cola: Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl., C. acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Comfrey: Symphytum officinale L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Cramp Bark: Viburnum opulus L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Cranberry: Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, V. oxycoccos L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Damiana: Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Dandelion: Taraxacum officinale aggr. F.H.Wigg., T. mongolicum Hand.-Mazz
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Devil's Claw: Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meissner, H. zeyheri Decne
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Echinacea: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., E. angustifolia DC., E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drugs used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Elderberry, Elderflower: Sambucus nigra L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Eucalyptus: Eucalyptus globulus Labill., E. polybractea F.Muell. ex R.T.Baker, E. smithii F.Muell. ex R.T.Baker, and other Eucalyptus spp
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Evening Primrose (Oil): Oenothera biennis L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Fennel: Foeniculum vulgare Mill
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Feverfew: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ganoderma: Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; or G. lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst
Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Garlic: Allium sativum L
Family Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Gentian: Gentiana lutea L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ginger: Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ginseng: Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., P. quinquefolius L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ginseng, Siberian: Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Goldenrod: Solidago virgaurea L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Goldenseal: Hydrastis canadensis L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Grapeseed: Vitis vinifera L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Graviola: Annona muricata L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Green Tea: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Hawthorn: Crataegus spp. (mainly C. laevigata (Poir.) DC., C. monogyna Jacq., C. rhipidophylla Gand., and their hybrids)
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Holy Basil: Ocimum tenuiflorum L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions with other drugs Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Hoodia: Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne, and other Hoodia spp
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Hops: Humulus lupulus L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Horny Goat Weed: Epimedium spp
Mainly Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Horse Chestnut: Aesculus hippocastanum L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Horsetail: Equisetum arvense L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ipecacuanha: Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson
Synonyms Family Other common name Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ispaghula Husk, Psyllium Husk: Plantago ovata Forssk
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ivy: Hedera helix .L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Kalmegh: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Lapacho: Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Lavender: Lavandula angustifolia Mill
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Lemon Balm: Melissa officinalis L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Linseed (Flaxseed): Linum usitatissimum L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Liquorice: Glycyrrhiza glabra L., G. inflata Batalin, G. uralensis Fisch. ex DC
Synonyms Family Other common name Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Lobelia: Lobelia inflata L
Synonyms Family Other common name Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Maca: Lepidium meyenii Walp
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Mallow: Malva sylvestris L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Maritime Pine (Bark): Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Milk Thistle: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Neem: Azadirachta indica A.Juss
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Nettle: Urtica dioica L.; U. urens L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Noni: Morinda citrifolia L
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Norway Spruce: Picea abies (L.) H.Karst
Synonyms Family Other common name Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Oats: Avena sativa L
Family Other common name Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Passionflower: Passiflora incarnata L.; P. edulis Sims
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Pelargonium: Pelargonium sidoides DC.; P. reniforme (Andrews) Curtis
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Peony: Paeonia lactiflora Pall
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Peppermint: Mentha × piperita L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Prickly Pear: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., O. streptacantha Lem., and related species
Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Pumpkin (Seed): Cucurbita pepo L., and related cultivars
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Raspberry Leaf: Rubus idaeus L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Red Clover: Trifolium pratense L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name (two drugs are used) Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical Evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Red Vine Leaf: Vitis vinifera L
Synonyms Family Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Rhodiola: Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. (better known under the synonym Rhodiola rosea L.)
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Ribwort Plantain: Plantago lanceolata L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Rosehip: Rosa canina L. & other allied Rosa spp
Family Other common names Botanical drug used Drug name Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Roselle: Hibiscus sabdariffa L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Rosemary: Rosmarinus officinalis L
Family Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Antimicrobial activity Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Sage: Salvia officinalis L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
St. John's Wort: Hypericum perforatum L
Family Other common names Drug names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Saw Palmetto: Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small
Synonym Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Schisandra: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., S. sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Sea Buckthorn: Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Senna: Senna alexandrina Mill
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Shatavari: Asparagus racemosus Willd
Synonyms Family Other common names Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Skullcap: Scutellaria lateriflora L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Slippery Elm: Ulmus rubra Muhl
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Spirulina: Arthrospira platensis Gomont, A. maxima Setchell & N.L.Gardner
Synonyms Family Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Squill: Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Tea Tree (Oil): Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
Synonym Other common names Family Drug name(s) Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Thyme: Thymus vulgaris L., T. zygis L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Tongkat Ali: Eurycoma longifolia Jack
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Turmeric: Curcuma longa L
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Valerian: Valeriana officinalis L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Verbena: Verbena officinalis L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Wild Indigo: Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R.Br
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Wild Lettuce: Lactuca virosa L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Willow (Bark): Salix alba L., S. nigra L., S. × fragilis L., S. purpurea L. and other Salix spp
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Witch Hazel: Hamamelis virginiana L
Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
Yohimbe: Pausinystalia johimbe (K.Schum.) Pierre
Synonyms Family Other common names Drug name Botanical drug used Main chemical compounds Clinical evidence Pre-clinical evidence and mechanisms of action Interactions Contraindications Adverse effects Dosage General plant information References
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