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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part One: Ewish survivors’ testimonies
1: Jews who left germany before kristallnacht
Never to forget, never to forgive
They strangled my father with a packaging cord
The anti-semitism in germany was there before hitler came to power. he just openly sanctioned it
In cologne they never had this anti-semitism
2: Jews who left germany after kristallnacht
My toes were frozen . . . all of them fell off
All the people on the sidewalks started yelling at us—normal germans, children and adults, and women also
The common people, they were watching you. they were all detectives in civilian clothing
Every few weeks they rounded up people and shot them
We did not feel, especially in stuttgart, the anti-semitism
3: Jews who were deported from germany during the wa
Fear was not something i knew
All the jews were leaving leipzig, and they [the germans] were happy, a lot of them. they were standing there laughing
I don’t care that they say today that “we didn’t know about it.” bullshit!
I wouldn’t be alive if not for my mother
I know that i’ll be sent to auschwitz and be gassed anyway
We were the last ones deported in 1943
I was blond, blond
We didn’t want to believe it because we could have been next
4: Jews who went into hiding
I had been caught and sent to auschwitz . . . I jumped out of the train!
In any case, i came out of the war a virgin
There were some people who tried to help. But they were such a minority
Part Two: “ordinary germans’” testimonies
5: Everyday life and knowing little about mass murder
In my ten years in the hitler youth, i never heard anybody suggest that you spy on your parents or that you spy on anybody else
They came and arrested my brother
For 60 million germans, that was what the people really wanted
Most people were, of course, for hitler
They felt like members of the master race
You, good girl!
Why should i have been afraid? we just sat there in detention
There was never any particular sympathy for the jews
A Large number of people really didn’t know anything
6: Everyday life and hearing about mass murder
That was his hobby, measuring skulls
The soldiers on leave . . . did a lot of talking
Rat-a-tat-tat, dead
One heard in communist circles that numbers of jews were being gassed
Gassed. They were killed and soap was made from the bones
[The BBC] also confirmed it, and with rather exact information
Auschwitz was not so very far away from us
7: Witnessig and participating in mass murder
In two days, 25,000 men, women, and children
We have to carry out some “cleansing measures” here
There are three hundred jews lying in each grave
I not only told my parents about that, i also told others when i was on leave
Part Three: Jewish survivors’ survey evidence
8: Everyday life and anti-semitism
The survey and oral history data
Popular anti-semitism and anti-jewish discrimination
Help and support from german civilians
Conclusion
9: Terror
Fear of arrest and involvement in illegal activities
Spying, denunciation, and police persecution
10: Mass murder
The deportations
knowledge about mass murder
Conclusion
Part Four: “Ordinary germans’” survey evidence
11: Everyday life and support for national socialism
Partial dissent and extensive consent
The social bases of support for national socialism
Reasons for the nazi regime’s popularity
Conclusion
12: Terror
Fear as an instrument of control
13: Mass murder
From social exclusion to deportation
Fleeing underground and finding help
The spread of information about the holocaust
Belief and suspicion
The influence of attitudes and social networks
Oral accounts of mass murder
Sources of information: Survey evidence
Conclusion
Conclusion: What did they know?
Notes
Introduction
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Conclusion
index
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