Log In
Or create an account ->
Imperial Library
Home
About
News
Upload
Forum
Help
Login/SignUp
Index
Cover Page
Ubuntu® The Complete Reference
Copyright Page
About the Author
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I Getting Started
1 Introduction to Ubuntu
Ubuntu Releases
Linux
Open Source Software
Ubuntu Editions
Ubuntu 8.04 LTR
Ubuntu LiveCD
Ubuntu Software
Ubuntu Help and Documentation
help.ubuntu.com
ubuntuforums.org
ubuntuguide.org
Ubuntu News and Blog Sites
Linux Documentation
History of Linux and Unix
Unix
Linux
2 Installing Ubuntu
Install CD and DVDs
Installation Choices
Installing Dual-Boot Systems
Hardware, Software, and Information Requirements
Hardware Requirements
Hard Drive Configuration
Hardware and Device Information
Installing Ubuntu
Installation Overview
Starting the Installation Program
Installation
Startup Issues
Selecting and Editing GRUB
Login and Logout
Initial Configuration Tasks
Recovery
Reinstalling the Boot Loader
Alternate Install
Server Install
Automating Installation with Kickstart
Wubi: Windows-Based Installer
3 Interface Basics: Login, Desktop, and Help
Accessing Your Linux System
The GNOME Display Manager: GDM
The User Switcher
Accessing Linux from the Command Line Interface
The Ubuntu Desktop
GNOME Desktop
GNOME Applets
Desktop Operations
International Clock: Time, Date, and Weather
Configuring Personal Information
Desktop Background
Using Removable Devices and Media
Accessing File Systems, Devices, and Remote Hosts
Burning DVDs and CDs
Search Tools
Tracker: Indexed Search
Search for Files
GNOME File Manager Search
GNOME Power Management
Using the Command Line Interface
Help Resources
Ubuntu Help Center
Context-Sensitive Help
Application Documentation
Man Pages
Info Pages
Running Windows Software on Linux: Wine
Part II Configuration
4 Administration Tasks
Ubuntu Administrative Tools
Controlled Administrative Access: PolicyKit, sudo, and gksu
PolicyKit
gksu
sudo
Login Window Configuration
Display Drivers
Manual Display Configuration
Configuring Users
Printer Management and Configuration
Sound Configuration
Multimedia Support: MP3, DVD-Video, DivX, and HDTV
File System Access
Access Linux File Systems on Internal Drives
Access for Local Windows NTFS File Systems
Access to Local Network Windows NTFS File Systems
Shared Folders for Your Network and Windows: NFS and Samba
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Configuration
System Monitoring
Virus Protection
Accessing Devices Remotely
Managing Services
Testing Hardware: Launchpad
5 Network Connections
NetworkManager
NetworkManager on GNOME
NetworkManager for KDE: KNetworkManager
Wireless Manual Configuration and Editing
Manual Network Configuration with network-admin
Connections
General
DNS
Hosts
Command Line PPP Access: WvDial
Manual Wireless Configuration with iwconfig
Accessing Remote Desktops
Virtual Network Computing
Windows Terminal Servers
6 Software Installation
Installing Software Packages
Ubuntu Package Management Software
Updating Ubuntu with Update Manager
Managing Packages with Add/Remove Applications
Synaptic Package Manager
Properties
Installing Packages
Removing Packages
Search Filters
Synaptic Configuration
Ubuntu Software Repositories
Repository Components
Repositories
Software Sources
Ubuntu Repository Configuration File: sources.list
7 Software Management with DEB, APT, and dkpg
Software Package Types
DEB Software Packages
Managing Software with APT
Upgrading with apt-get
Source Code Files
Managing Non-repository Packages with dpkg
Using Packages with Other Software Formats
Command Line Search and Information: dpkg-query and atp-cache Tools
Installing Software from Compressed Archives: .tar.gz
Decompressing and Extracting Software in One Step
Decompressing Software Separately
Selecting an Install Directory
Extracting Software
Compiling Software
Configure Command Options
Development Libraries
Shared and StaticLibraries
Makefile File
Checking Software Package Digital Signatures
Importing Software Public Keys with apt-key
Checking Software Compressed Archives
Part III Desktops
8 GNOME
GNOME 2.22 Features
GNOME Desktop Features
GNOME Applications
GNOME Administration Features
GNOME File Manager Features
GTK+
The GNOME Interface
GNOME Components
Quitting GNOME
GNOME Help
The GNOME Desktop
Drag-and-Drop Files to the Desktop
Applications on the Desktop
GNOME Desktop Menu
Window Manager
GNOME Desktop Preferences
The GNOME File Manager: Nautilus
Home Folder Subdirectories
Nautilus Window
Nautilus Side Pane: Tree, History, and Notes
Displaying Files and Folders
Nautilus Pop-up Menu
Navigating Directories
Managing Files
Application Launcher
Preferred Applications for Web, Mail, Accessibility, and Terminal Windows
Default Applications for Media
File and Directory Properties
Nautilus Preferences
Nautilus as an FTP Browser
Removable Drives and Network Folders
The GNOME Panel
Panel Properties
Panel Objects
GNOME Applets
Workspace Switcher
GNOME Window List
GNOME Directories and Files
GNOME User Directories
The GConf Configuration Editor
9 KDE, KDE 4, and Xfce
KDE
The KDE Desktop
KDE Desktop Operations
Configuration and Administration Access with KDE
Configuring Your Desktop
KDE Windows
Virtual Desktops: The KDE Desktop Pager
KDE Panel: Kicker
The KDE Help Center
Applications
Mounting Devices from the Desktop
KDE File Managers: Konqueror and Dolphin
Basic File Manager Operations
Copy, Move, Delete, Rename, and Link Operations
Dolphin File Manager: Kubuntu 3 and 4
Konqueror File Manager
KDE Configuration: System Settings
.kde and Desktop User Directories
KDE Directories and Files
KDE 4
KDE 4 Desktop and File Manager
Xfce4 Desktop
Part IV Using the Shell
10 The Shell
Accessing Shells
The Command Line
Command Line Editing
Command and Filename Completion
History
History Events
History Event Editing
Configuring History: HISTFILE and HISTSIZE
Filename Expansion: *, ?, [ ]
Matching Multiple Characters
Matching Single Characters
Matching a Range of Characters
Matching Shell Symbols
Generating Patterns
Standard Input/Output and Redirection
Redirecting the Standard Output: > and >>
The Standard Input
Pipes |
Redirecting and Piping the Standard Error: >&, 2>
Jobs: Background, Kills, and Interruptions
Running Jobs in the Background
Referencing Jobs
Job Notification
Bringing Jobs to the Foreground
Canceling Jobs
Suspending and Stopping Jobs
Ending Processes: ps and kill
Shell Variables
Definition and Evaluation of Variables: =, $, set, unset
Values from Linux Commands: Back Quotes
Shell Scripts: User-Defined Commands
Executing Scripts
Script Arguments
Control Structures
Test Operations
Conditional Control Structures
Loop Control Structures
Filters and Regular Expressions
Searching Files: grep
Regular Expressions
11 Shell Configuration
Shell Initialization and Configuration Files
Configuration Directories and Files
Aliases
Aliasing Commands and Options
Aliasing Commands and Arguments
Aliasing Commands
Controlling Shell Operations
Environment Variables and Subshells: export
Configuring Your Shell with Shell Parameters
Shell Parameter Variables
Configuring Your Login Shell: .profile
Configuring the BASH Shell: .bashrc
The BASH Shell Logout File: .bash_logout
12 Files, Directories, and Archives
Linux Files
The File Structure
Home Directories
Pathnames
System Directories
Listing, Displaying, and Printing Files: ls, cat, more, less, and lpr
Displaying Files: cat, less, and more
Printing Files: lpr, lpq, and lprm
Managing Directories: mkdir, rmdir, ls, cd, and pwd
Creating and Deleting Directories
Displaying Directory Contents
Moving Through Directories
Referencing the Parent Directory
File and Directory Operations: find, cp, mv, rm, and ln
Searching Directories: find
Copying Files
Moving Files
Copying and Moving Directories
Erasing Files and Directories: The rm Command
Links: The ln Command
Archiving and Compressing Files
Archiving and Compressing Files with File Roller
Archive Files and Devices: tar
File Compression: gzip, bzip2, and zip
Part V Applications
13 Office and Database Applications
Running Microsoft Office on Linux: CrossOver and Wine
OpenOffice.org
KOffice
KOffice Applications
KParts
GNOME Office
Document Viewers (PostScript, PDF, and DVI)
PDA Access
Editors
GNOME Editor: Gedit
KDE Editors: Kate and KEdit
The Emacs Editor
The Vi Editor: Vim and Gvim
Database Management Systems
OpenOffice.org Base
SQL Databases (RDMS)
XBase Databases
14 Graphics Tools and Multimedia
Graphics Tools
Photo Management Tools: F-Spot and digiKam
GNOME Graphics Tools
KDE Graphics Tools
X Window System Graphic Programs
Multimedia Tools
Ubuntu Codec Wizard
GStreamer
Sound Drivers and Interfaces
Connection Configuration: GNOME Volume Control
PulseAudio and Sound Interfaces
Music Applications
CD/DVD Burners and Rippers
Video Applications
15 Mail and News Clients
Mail Clients
MIME
Evolution
Thunderbird
The K Desktop Mail Client: KMail
SquirrelMail Webmail Client
Command Line Mail Clients
Notifications of Received Mail
Accessing Mail on Remote POP Mail Servers
Mailing Lists
Usenet News
Newsreaders
16 Web Browsers, FTP, Java, VoIP, and IM
Web Protocols
Web Browsers
Firefox: The Mozilla Framework
The K Desktop File Manager: Konqueror
GNOME Web Browsers: Epiphany, Galeon, and Kazehakase
Lynx and ELinks: Line-Mode Browsers
Java for Linux
FTP Clients
Network File Transfer: FTP
Web Browser–Based FTP: Firefox
The KDE File Managers: Konqueror and Dolphin
GNOME Desktop FTP: Nautilus
gFTP
wget
curl
ftp
Automatic Login and Macros: .netrc
lftp
Network Talk and Messenger Clients: VoIP, IRC, and IM
Ekiga
Instant Messenger: Pidgin
Part VI Security
17 Authorization, Encryption, and Permissions
Controlled Access with PolicyKit: Authorizations
PolicyKit Agent
PolicyKit Configuration Files and Tools
Public Key Encryption, Digital Signatures, and Integrity Checks
Public Key Encryption
Digital Signatures
Integrity Checks
Combining Encryption and Signatures
Managing Keys with Seahorse
Passwords and Encryption Keys: Seahorse
Seahorse Settings
Making Your Public Keys Available with Seahorse
GNU Privacy Guard: gpg
Generating Your Public Key with gpg
Importing Public Keys
Signing Your Public Keys
Publishing Keys
Using GPG
Encrypting and Decrypting Data with the gpg Command
Seahorse Plug-ins: Choose Recipients
Signing Messages
Permissions: Discretionary Access Control
Read, Write, and Execute
Permissions on GNOME and KDE
chmod
Ownership
Changing a File’s Owner or Group: chown and chgrp
Setting Permissions: Permission Symbols
Absolute Permissions: Binary Masks
Directory Permissions
Ownership Permissions
Sticky Bit Permissions
Permission Defaults: umask
Access Control Lists: FACL
Encrypted File Systems
Intrusion Detection: Tripwire and AIDE
18 AppArmor and Security-Enhanced Linux
AppArmor
AppArmor Utilities
AppArmor Configuration
Security Enhanced Linux
Flask Architecture
System Administration Access
Terminology
Management Operations for SELinux
SELinux Management Tools
The SELinux Reference Policy
SELinux Configuration
SELinux Policy Rules
SELinux Policy Configuration Files and Modules
SELinux: Administrative Operations
19 Secure Shell and Kerberos
The Secure Shell: OpenSSH
SSH Encryption and Authentication
SSH Packages, Tools, and Server
SSH Setup
SSH Clients
Port Forwarding (Tunneling)
SSH Configuration
Kerberos
Kerberos Servers
Authentication Process
Kerberized Services
Kerberos Servers and Clients
20 Firewalls
Uncomplicated Firewall
Firestarter
iptables, NAT, Mangle, and ip6tables
iptables
ip6tables
Modules
Packet Filtering
Chains
Targets
Firewall and NAT Chains
Adding and Changing Rules
iptables Options
Accepting and Denying Packets: DROP and ACCEPT
User-Defined Chains
ICMP Packets
Controlling Port Access
Packet States: Connection Tracking
Specialized Connection Tracking: ftp, irc, Amanda, tftp
Network Address Translation
Adding NAT Rules
NAT Targets and Chains
NAT Redirection: Transparent Proxies
Packet Mangling: The Mangle Table
IP Masquerading
Part VII System Administration
21 Basic System Administration
Ubuntu Administrative Tools
Administrative Access
Controlled Administrative Access with PolicyKit
Controlled Administrative Access with gksu and sudo
Full Administrative Access with root, su, and superuser
Editing User Configuration Files Directly
Administrative Access from the File Browser
System Time and Date
Using the time-admin Date and Time Utility
Using the date Command
Scheduling Tasks with cron
crontab Entries
Environment Variables for cron
The cron.d Directory
The crontab Command
Editing in cron
Organizing Scheduled Tasks
Running cron Directory Scripts
cron Directory Names
Anacron
System Directories
Program Directories
Configuration Directories and Files
System Logs: /var/log and syslogd
syslogd and syslog.conf
Entries in syslogd.conf
Priorities
Actions and Users
Performance Analysis Tools and Processes
GNOME System Monitor
The ps Command
vmstat, top, free, Xload, iostat, and sar
SystemTap
GNOME Power Manager
GKrellM
KDE Task Manager and Performance Monitor (KSysguard)
Grand Unified Bootloader
Virtualization
Virtual Machine Manager: virt-manager
KVM Hardware Virtualization
Xen Virtualization Kernel
22 Managing Users
GUI User Management Tools: users-admin
Create a New User
Manage Groups
User Configuration Files
The Password Files
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow and /etc/gshadow
Password Tools
Managing User Environments
Profile Scripts
/etc/login.defs
Controlling User Passwords
Adding and Removing Users and Groups with useradd, usermod, and userdel
useradd
usermod
userdel
Managing Groups
/etc/group and /etc/gshadow
User Private Groups
Group Directories
Managing Groups Using groupadd, groupmod, and groupdel
Disk Quotas
Quota Tools
edquota
repquota and quota
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDAP Configuration Files
Configuring the LDAP Server: /etc/ldap/slapd.conf
LDAP Directory Database: ldif
LDAP Tools
Pluggable Authentication Modules
PAM Configuration Files
PAM Modules
23 File Systems
File Systems and Directory Trees
File System Hierarchy Standard
Root Directory: /
System Directories
The /usr Directory
The /media Directory
The /mnt Directory
The /home Directory
The /var Directory
The /proc File System
The sysfs File System: /sys
Device Files: /dev, udev, and HAL
Mounting File Systems
File System Information
Journaling
ext3 Journaling
ext4 File Systems
ReiserFS
Mounting File Systems Automatically: /etc/fstab
HAL and fstab
fstab Fields
Auto Mounts
mount Options
Boot and Disk Check
fstab Sample
Partition Labels: e2label
Windows Partitions
noauto
Mounting File Systems Manually: mount and umount
The mount Command
The umount Command
Managing CDs/DVDs, USB Drives, and Floppy Disks
Mounting Hard Drive Partitions: Linux and Windows
Mounting DVD/CD Disc Images
Creating File Systems: mkfs, mke2fs, mkswap, parted, and fdisk
Parted and GParted
Fdisk
mkfs
mkswap
CD/DVD Disc Recording
Mono and .NET Support
24 RAID and LVM
Logical Volume Manager
LVM Structure
Creating LVMs During Installation
system-config-lvm
Using the LVM Commands
LVM Example for Multiple Hard Drives
Using LVM to Replace Drives
LVM Snapshots
Configuring RAID Devices
Motherboard RAID Support: dmraid
Linux Software RAID Levels
RAID Devices and Partitions: md and fd
Booting from a RAID Device
RAID Administration: mdadm
Creating and Installing RAID Devices
25 Devices and Modules
The sysfs File System: /sys
The proc File System: /proc
udev: Device Files
udev Configuration
Device Names and udev Rules: /etc/udev/rules.d
Symbolic Links
Persistent Rules
Generated Rules
Creating udev Rules
SYMLINK Rules
Manually Creating Persistent Names: udevinfo
Permission Fields: MODE, GROUP, OWNER
Hardware Abstraction Layer
The HAL Daemon and hal-device-manager (hal-gnome)
HAL Configuration: /etc/hal/fdi and /usr/share/hal/fdi
Device Information Files: fdi
Properties
Device Information File Directives
Manual Devices
Installing and Managing Terminals and Modems
Serial Ports
mingetty, mgetty, and getty
Input Devices
Installing Other Cards
Sound Devices
Video and TV Devices
PCMCIA Devices
Modules
Kernel Module Tools
Module Files and Directories: /lib/modules
Managing Modules with modprobe and /etc/modules
The depmod Command
The modprobe Command
The insmod Command
The rmmod Command
modprobe Configuration
Installing New Modules from Vendors: Driver Packages
26 Backup Management
Individual Backups: archive and rsync
BackupPC
BackupPC Server Configuration
BackupPC Host Backup and Configuration
Amanda
Amanda Commands
Amanda Configuration
Enabling Amanda on the Network
Using Amanda
Backups with Dump and Restore
The dump Levels
Recording Backups
Operations with dump
Recovering Backups
27 Administering TCP/IP Networks
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Zero Configuration Networking: Avahi and Link Local Addressing
IPv4 and IPv6
TCP/IP Network Addresses
IPv4 Network Addresses
Class-Based IP Addressing
Netmask
Classless Interdomain Routing
Obtaining an IP Address
Broadcast Addresses
Gateway Addresses
Name Server Addresses
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Format
IPv6 Interface Identifiers
IPv6 Address Types
TCP/IP Configuration Files
Identifying Hostnames: /etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/services
/etc/protocols
/etc/network
/etc/network/interfaces
Network Autoconfiguration with IPv6, DHCPv6, and DHCP
IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration
IPv6 Stateful Autoconfiguration: DHCPv6
Linux as an IPv6 Router: radvd
DHCP for IPv4
Domain Name Service
host.conf
Network Interfaces and Routes: ifconfig and route
Monitoring Your Network: EtherApe, Ping, Ettercap, Wireshark, Tcpdump, and Netstat
Ping
Ettercap
Wireshark
Tcpdump
Netstat
Part VIII Local Services
28 Managing Services
Upstart
Upstart and Runlevels: event.d and init.d
Runlevels
Runlevels in event.d directory
Using telinit
Default Runlevel
Command Line Runlevel
The runlevel Command
System Startup Files and Scripts
rc.local
/etc/init.d
/etc/init.d/rc
/etc/event.d
Service Scripts: /etc/init.d
Managing Services
Managing Services Directly
Service Management: services-admin, rrconf, sysv-rc-conf, and update-rc.d
services-admin
rcconf and sysv-rc-conf
update-rc.d
Extended Internet Services Daemon (xinetd)
xinetd and inetd Servers
xinetd Configuration: xinetd.conf
xinetd Service Configuration Files: /etc/xinetd.d Directory
Configuring Services: xinetd Attributes
Disabling and Enabling xinetd Services
TCP Wrappers
29 Print, News, and Database Services
Printer Services: CUPS
Printer Devices and Configuration
Printer Device Files
Spool Directories
Installing Printers
Configuring Printers on Ubuntu with system-config-printer
Configuring Printers with KDE
CUPS Web Browser–based Configuration Tool
Configuring Remote Printers on CUPS
CUPS Printer Classes
CUPS Configuration Files
cupsd.conf
CUPS Directives
CUPS Command Line Print Clients
lpr
lpc
lpq and lpstat
lprm
CUPS Command Line Administrative Tools
lpadmin
lpoptions
enable and disable
accept and reject
News Servers
Database Servers: MySQL and PostgreSQL
Relational Database Structure
MySQL
PostgreSQL
30 Shared Resources: Samba and NFS
Samba
Samba Applications
Starting Samba
Firewall Access
Setting Up Samba with Configuration Tools
Configuring Samba Access from Windows
User-Level Security
The Samba smb.conf Configuration File
Testing the Samba Configuration
Accessing Samba Services with Clients
Network File Systems: NFS and /etc/exports
Setting Up NFS Directories with shared-admin: Shared Folders
NFS Configuration: /etc/exports
NFSv4
Mounting NFS File Systems: NFS Clients
Distributed Network File Systems
A Obtaining the Distribution
Index
← Prev
Back
Next →
← Prev
Back
Next →