9781111831004.pdf by Kalat, James W. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents 1 The Major Issues

MODULE 1.1 The Biological Approach to Behavior

Biological Explanations of Behavior Career Opportunities In Closing: Your Brain and Your Experience

MODULE 1.2 Genetics and Behavior

Mendelian Genetics Heredity and Environment The Evolution of Behavior In Closing: Genes and Behavior

MODULE 1.3 The Use of Animals in Research

Reasons for Animal Research The Ethical Debate In Closing: Humans and Animals Interactive exploration and Study

2 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

MODULE 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System

Anatomy of Neurons and Glia APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience The Blood–Brain Barrier Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons In Closing: Neurons

MODULE 2.2 The Nerve Impulse

The Resting Potential of the Neuron The Action Potential Propagation of the Action Potential The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction Local Neurons In Closing: Neural Messages Interactive exploration and Study

3 Synapses

MODULE 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse

The Properties of Synapses Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials In Closing: The Neuron as Decision Maker

MODULE 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse

The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse In Closing: Neurotransmitters and Behavior

MODULE 3.3 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions

Drug Mechanisms A Survey of Abused Drugs Alcohol and Alcoholism Addiction Medications to Combat Substance Abuse In Closing: Drugs and Behavior Interactive exploration and Study

4 Anatomy of the Nervous System

MODULE 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Terminology to Describe the Nervous System The Spinal Cord The Autonomic Nervous System APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Goose Bumps The Hindbrain The Midbrain The Forebrain The Ventricles In Closing: Learning Neuroanatomy

MODULE 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex The Occipital Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Temporal Lobe The Frontal Lobe APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies How Do the Parts Work Together? In Closing: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

MODULE 4.3 Research Methods

Effects of Brain Damage Effects of Brain Stimulation Recording Brain Activity Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior Brain Size and Intelligence In Closing: Research Methods and Their Limits Interactive exploration and Study

5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain

MODULE 5.1 Development of the Brain

Maturation of the Vertebrate Brain Pathfinding by Axons Determinants of Neuronal Survival The Vulnerable Developing Brain Differentiation of the Cortex Fine-Tuning by Experience Brain Development and Behavioral Development In Closing: Brain Development

MODULE 5.2 Plasticity After Brain Damage

Brain Damage and Short-Term Recovery APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: How Woodpeckers Avoid Concussions Later Mechanisms of Recovery In Closing: Brain Damage and Recovery Interactive exploration and Study

6 Vision

MODULE 6.1 Visual Coding

General Principles of Perception The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones Color Vision APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Would the Brain Know What to do with Extra Color Information? In Closing: Visual Receptors

MODULE 6.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information

An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System Processing in the Retina Further Processing The Primary Visual Cortex METHODS 6.1 Microelectrode Recordings Development of the Visual Cortex In Closing: Understanding Vision by Understanding the Wiring Diagram

MODULE 6.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex

The “What” and “Where” Paths Detailed Analysis of Shape Color Perception Motion Perception In Closing: Different Aspects of Vision Interactive exploration and Study

7 Other Sensory Systems

MODULE 7.1 Audition

Sound and the Ear Pitch Perception The Auditory Cortex Hearing Loss Sound Localization In Closing: Functions of Hearing

MODULE 7.2 The Mechanical Senses

Vestibular Sensation Somatosensation APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Tickle Pain Itch In Closing: The Mechanical Senses

MODULE 7.3 The Chemical Senses

Chemical Coding Taste APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Chemicals that Alter the Taste Buds Olfaction Pheromones Synesthesia In Closing: Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World Interactive exploration and Study

8 Movement

MODULE 8.1 The Control of Movement

Muscles and Their Movements Units of Movement APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Infant Reflexes In Closing: Categories of Movement

MODULE 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement

The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebellum The Basal Ganglia Brain Areas and Motor Learning Inhibition of Movements In Closing: Movement Control and Cognition

MODULE 8.3 Movement Disorders

Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease In Closing: Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders Interactive exploration and Study

9 Wakefulness and Sleep

MODULE 9.1 Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping

Endogenous Cycles Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock Mechanisms of the Biological Clock In Closing: Sleep–Wake Cycles

MODULE 9.2 Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms

Sleep and Other Interruptions of Consciousness Stages of Sleep Paradoxical or REM Sleep Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal Brain Function in REM Sleep Sleep Disorders In Closing: Stages of Sleep

MODULE 9.3 Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?

Functions of Sleep APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Hibernation Biological Perspectives on Dreaming In Closing: Our Limited Self-Understanding Interactive exploration and Study

10 Internal Regulation

MODULE 10.1 Temperature Regulation

Homeostasis and Allostasis Controlling Body Temperature APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Surviving in Extreme Cold In Closing: Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms

MODULE 10.2 Thirst

Mechanisms of Water Regulation Osmotic Thirst Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger In Closing: The Psychology and Biology of Thirst

MODULE 10.3 Hunger

Digestion and Food Selection Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Brain Mechanisms Eating Disorders In Closing: The Multiple Controls of Hunger Interactive exploration and Study

11 Reproductive Behaviors

MODULE 11.1 Sex and Hormones

Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones Activating Effects of Sex Hormones Parental Behavior In Closing: Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations

MODULE 11.2 Variations in Sexual Behavior

Evolutionary Interpretations of Mating Behavior Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated Behaviors Sexual Orientation In Closing: We Are Not All the Same Interactive exploration and Study

12 Emotional Behaviors

MODULE 12.1 What Is Emotion?

Emotions, Autonomic Arousal, and the James-Lange Theory Brain Areas Associated with Emotion The Functions of Emotions In Closing: Emotions and the Nervous System

MODULE 12.2 Attack and Escape Behaviors

Attack Behaviors Fear and Anxiety Anxiety Disorders APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Alcohol as an Anxiety Reducer In Closing: Doing Something About Emotions

MODULE 12.3 Stress and Health

Concepts of Stress Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis Stress Control Post-traumatic Stress Disorder In Closing: Emotions and Body Reactions Interactive exploration and Study

13 The Biology of Learning and Memory

MODULE 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

Localized Representations of Memory Types of Memory The Hippocampus The Basal Ganglia Other Types of Amnesia Other Brain Areas in Memory In Closing: Different Types of Memory

MODULE 13.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System

APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines Learning and the Hebbian Synapse Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change Long-Term Potentiation in Vertebrates Improving Memory In Closing: The Physiology of Memory Interactive exploration and Study

14 Cognitive Functions

MODULE 14.1 Lateralization of Function

The Left and Right Hemispheres Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres Cutting the Corpus Callosum Development of Lateralization and Handedness Avoiding Overstatements In Closing: One Brain, Two Hemispheres

MODULE 14.2 Evolution and Physiology of Language

Nonhuman Precursors of Language How Did Humans Evolve Language? Brain Damage and Language Music and Language Dyslexia In Closing: Language and the Brain

MODULE 14.3 Conscious and Unconscious Processes and Attention

The Mind–Brain Relationship Brain Activity Associated with Consciousness Attention In Closing: Attending to Attention and Being Conscious of Consciousness Interactive exploration and Study

15 Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

MODULE 15.1 Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder Antidepressant Drugs APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Accidental Discoveries of Psychiatric Drugs Bipolar Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder In Closing: Biology of Mood Swings

MODULE 15.2 Schizophrenia

Diagnosis APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS: Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Genetics The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis METHODS 15.1 The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Treatments In Closing: Many Remaining Mysteries Interactive exploration and Study

APPENDIX A: Brief, Basic Chemistry APPENDIX B: Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research References Name Index Subject Index/Glossary

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