Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment · 7th Edition by Armstrong, Jamie -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Table of Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment

A Perspective Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment Focus on Empowerment and the Strengths Perspective

Multiple Sources of Strengths: A Case Example Individual Empowerment Empowerment Through Groups Organizational and Community Empowerment HIGHLIGHT 1.1 Resiliency: Using Strengths to Fight Adversity

Critical Thinking About Ethical Issues Impacts of Systems in the Environment

Understanding Key Concepts in Systems Theories The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts HIGHLIGHT 1.2

People’s Involvement with Multiple Systems

Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems

Biological, Psychological, and Social Development

Normal Developmental Milestones Bio-Psycho-Social Developmental Dimensions Affect Each Other A Chronological Perspective HIGHLIGHT 1.3

Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk

Group Membership and Values The Macro System Perspective on Group Differences

The Impacts of Organizations

What Are Organizations? The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations Goal Displacement

Communities and Human Behavior

Theoretical Perspectives on Communities Models of Community Change HIGHLIGHT 1.4 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 1.1

Social Worker Roles

Enabler Mediator Integrator/Coordinator Manager Educator Analyst/Evaluator Broker Facilitator Initiator Negotiator Advocate

Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme

HIGHLIGHT 1.5

Summary Web Resources

Figure 1.2

Chapter 2: Biological Development in Infancy and Childhood

A Perspective The Dynamics of Human Reproduction

Conception Diagnosis of Pregnancy Fetal Development During Pregnancy Prenatal Influences Prenatal Assessment Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment Problem Pregnancies The Birth Process

Early Functioning of the Neonate Developmental Milestones

Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels Individual Differences The Nature-Nurture Controversy Relevance to Social Work Profiles of Normal Development HIGHLIGHT 2.1

Significant Issues and Life Events The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

HIGHLIGHT 2.2

The Impacts of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 2.1 HIGHLIGHT 2.3 Incidence of Abortion Reasons for Abortion Methods of Abortion The Importance of Context and Timing Arguments For and Against Abortion SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 2.2 Social Worker Roles and Abortion: Empowering Women

Infertility

HIGHLIGHT 2.4 Causes of Infertility Psychological Reactions to Infertility Treatment of Infertility Assessment of Infertility Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility Social Work Roles, Infertility, and Empowerment SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 2.3

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 3: Psychological Development in Infancy and Childhood

A Perspective Theories of Psychological Development

Psychodynamic Theory HIGHLIGHT 3.1 Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments Behavioral Theories Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers HIGHLIGHT 3.2 Feminist Theories Critical Thinking About the Relevance of Theory to Social Work SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.1 HIGHLIGHT 3.3

Cognitive Development: Piaget

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.2 The Sensorimotor Period The Preoperational Thought Period The Period of Concrete Operations The Period of Formal Operations Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory

Emotional Development

Infants’ Emotions Infants and Temperament Attachment SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.3

Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Empowerment

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.4 HIGHLIGHT 3.4 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.5

Significant Issues and Life Events

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.6 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.7 People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.8 People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 3.9 HIGHLIGHT 3.5 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 4: Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

A Perspective Socialization The Family Environment

Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structure Positive Family Functioning Macro Systems, Families, and Empowerment The Dynamics of Family Systems HIGHLIGHT 4.1

The Family Life Cycle

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 4.1

Learning Theory

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory Respondent Conditioning Modeling HIGHLIGHT 4.2 Operant Conditioning The ABCs of Behavior Reinforcement Punishment Extinction

Applications of Learning Theory to Practice

The Use of Positive Reinforcement Types of Positive Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Reinforcers Versus Rewards Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement The Use of Punishment

Additional Issues

Accidental Training Behaviorally Specific Terminology HIGHLIGHT 4.3 Measuring Improvement The Importance of Parental Attention

A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-out from Reinforcement

Improving Effectiveness Grounding

Impacts of Common Life Events on Children

Membership in Family Systems Membership in Sibling Subsystems SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 4.2 Gender Role Socialization

The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School

The Social Aspects of Play with Peers The Influence of Television The School Environment SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 4.4

Child Maltreatment

Incidence of Child Maltreatment Physical Child Abuse SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 4.5 Child Neglect Psychological Maltreatment A Macro System Response: Child Protective Services Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Psychological Maltreatment: Social Work Role A Macro System Response: Involvement of the Courts Sexual Abuse HIGHLIGHT 4.4

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 5: Ethnocentrism and Racism

A Perspective Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism Race and Racism

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 5.1

Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Is the Problem of Whites

White Privilege Hate Crimes

Race Is a Social Concept Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems

Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems Discrimination and Oppression in Community Macro Systems

Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

Projection Frustration-Aggression Countering Insecurity and Inferiority Authoritarianism History Competition and Exploitation Socialization Patterns Belief in the One True Religion Evaluation of Discrimination Theories

Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 5.2

The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development

History and Culture of African Americans Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept The Africentric Perspective and Worldview SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 5.3

Community Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice

Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group Civil Rights Laws: Changing the Legal Macro System Activism SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 5.4 School Busing: A Community Initiative Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions Minority-Owned Businesses Grassroots Approaches to Improving Deteriorating Neighborhoods

ETHICAL DILEMMA 5.1 Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups

Ethnic-Sensitive Practice

Empowerment Strengths Perspective

Culturally Competent Practice Social Work Roles for Countering Discrimination

The Future of U.S. Race and Ethnic Relations

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 5.5

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 6: Biological Development in Adolescence

A Perspective Adolescence

Puberty The Growth Spurt The Secular Trend Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 6.1

Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes

Body Image and Self-Concept Early and Late Maturation in Boys Early and Late Maturation in Girls Adolescent Health, and Substance Use and Abuse SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 6.2

Significant Issues and Life Events

HIGHLIGHT 6.1 Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence Sexual Activity in Adolescence Teenage Fathers HIGHLIGHT 6.2 Why Do Teens Get Pregnant? Sex Education and Empowerment Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 6.4 Major Methods of Contraception

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 7: Psychological Development in Adolescence

A Perspective Identity Formation

HIGHLIGHT 7.1 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence HIGHLIGHT 7.2 Marcia’s Categories of Identity Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 7.1

Moral Development

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 7.2 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development HIGHLIGHT 7.3 Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory Moral Development and Women: Gilligan’s Approach Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan’s Theory Application of Gilligan’s Theory to Client Situations A Social Learning Theory Perspective on Moral Development Fowler’s Theory of Faith Development SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 7.3 Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Fowler’s Theory

Significant Issues and Life Events: Assertiveness and Suicide Empowerment Through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training

The Relevance of Assertiveness HIGHLIGHT 7.4 Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication The Advantages of Assertiveness Assertiveness Training Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice

Suicide

Incidence of Suicide Causes of Adolescent Suicide HIGHLIGHT 7.5 Lesbian and Gay Adolescents and Suicide Suicidal Symptoms HIGHLIGHT 7.6 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 7.4 How to Use the SAD PERSONS Scale HIGHLIGHT 7.7 Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People Community Empowerment: Suicide Prevention and Crisis Intervention

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 8: Social Development in Adolescence

A Perspective Social Development Changes in Adolescence

Movement from Dependence to Independence Interaction in Peer Group Systems HIGHLIGHT 8.1 Empowerment of Homeless Youth

Social Problems

Eating Disorders Emotional and Behavioral Problems HIGHLIGHT 8.2 HIGHLIGHT 8.3 HIGHLIGHT 8.4

HIGHLIGHT 8.4 Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency HIGHLIGHT 8.5 Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs HIGHLIGHT 8.6 Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups

Types of Groups SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 8.1 Models of Group Development Over Time Task and Maintenance Roles Leadership Theories

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 9: Gender Roles and Sexism

A Perspective Gender-Role Stereotypes

Childhood Adolescence Adulthood SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 9.1

Male/Female Differences

Ability Level Communication Styles

People as Individuals Significant Issues and Events in the Lives of Women Economic Inequality

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 9.2 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 9.3

Sexual Harassment

The Definition of Sexual Harassment Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response The Extent of Sexual Harassment Effects of Sexual Harassment HIGHLIGHT 9.1

Sexist Language

HIGHLIGHT 9.2

Rape and Sexual Assault Incidence of Rape

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 9.4 Theoretical Views of Rape Common Myths About Rape Profile of a Rapist HIGHLIGHT 9.3 Survivors’ Reactions to Rape Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors: Keys to Empowerment

Battered Women

The Abusive Perpetrator The Battering Cycle Why Does She Stay? Community Responses to Empower Battered Women: Their Alternatives

Working With and Empowering Women

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 9.5

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 10: Biological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood

A Perspective Young Adulthood

Physical Development Health Status HIGHLIGHT 10.1 Lifestyle and Good Health

The Age Span of Middle Adulthood Physical Changes in Middle Age

Changes in Physical Functioning Health Changes SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 10.1 Changes in Physical Appearance The Double Standard of Aging Changes in Sense Organs Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time HIGHLIGHT 10.2 Changes in Intellectual Functioning

Female Menopause

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 10.2

HIGHLIGHT 10.3 Male Climacteric Midlife Crisis: True or False? Sexual Functioning in Middle Age

Sex in Marriage Extramarital Sexual Relationships Sex Following Divorce Sex in Widowhood Sex Among the Never Married Celibacy

People Living With AIDS: A Population-at-Risk

What Causes AIDS? How Is AIDS Contracted? HIGHLIGHT 10.4 Diagnosis Origin of AIDS The Effects of HIV Treatment and Prevention of AIDS Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression Professional Values and AIDS SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 10.3 Social Work Roles: Empowering People Living With AIDS ETHICAL DILEMMA 10.1

Summary

HIGHLIGHT 10.5

Web Resources

Chapter 11: Psychological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood

A Perspective Intimacy Versus Isolation Generativity Versus Stagnation Peck’s Theories of Psychological Development Levinson’s Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Transitions for Men Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 11.1

Emotional Intelligence Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication HIGHLIGHT 11.1 Posture Body Orientation Gestures Touching Clothing Personal Space Territoriality Facial Expressions Voice Physical Appearance The Environment

Choice Theory

Axioms of Choice Theory

Intuition Chemical Substance Use and Abuse

Specific Drugs: What They Are and What They Do HIGHLIGHT 11.2 HIGHLIGHT 11.3 HIGHLIGHT 11.4 Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs Interaction in Family Systems: A Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse The Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family HIGHLIGHT 11.5 Understanding and Treating Codependency HIGHLIGHT 11.6 The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 12: Sociological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood

A Perspective Interaction in Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Lifestyle Marriage

HIGHLIGHT 12.1 ETHICAL DILEMMA HIGHLIGHT 12.2 HIGHLIGHT 12.3 Cohabitation HIGHLIGHT 12.4 Single Life Parenthood HIGHLIGHT 12.5 Childless Couples

Macro Social System Theories

The Functionalist Perspective The Conflict Perspective The Interactionist Perspective SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 12.1

Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

The Rich and the Poor The Problem HIGHLIGHT 12.6 Who Are the Poor? SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 12.2 What Causes Poverty? The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of the Theory and Its Application to Client Situations Poverty Is Functional Application of Functionalism to Poverty Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty

Family Mezzo System Problems

Empty-Shell Marriages HIGHLIGHT 12.7 Divorce HIGHLIGHT 12.8 HIGHLIGHT 12.9 HIGHLIGHT 12.10 One-Parent Families Blended Families HIGHLIGHT 12.11 Mothers Working Outside the Home The “Sandwich” Generation

Assessing and Intervening in Family Systems

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Family Norms Family System Assessment: The Ecomap Family System Assessment: The Genogram Family Problems and Social Work Roles

Social Work With Organizations

The Autocratic Model HIGHLIGHT 12.12 The Custodial Model The Scientific Management Model The Human Relations Model Theory X and Theory Y The Collegial Model Theory Z

Management by Objectives

Total Quality Management Summary Comments About Models of Organizational Behavior

Value Orientations in Organizational Decision Making Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Service Organizations

Conservative Perspective Liberal Perspective ETHICAL DILEMMA Developmental Perspective

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 13: Sexual Orientation

A Perspective Homosexuality and Bisexuality

What Does Being a Homosexual Mean? HIGHLIGHT 13.1 Definition of Bisexual Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 13.1

Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay?

Biological Theories Psychosocial Theories The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer? Interactionist Theory Ethical Issues Related to Theory Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality

Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles

Lesbian and Gay Relationships SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 13.2 Sexual Interaction

Significant Issues and Life Events

The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: Legal Empowerment SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 13.3 Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People Coming Out SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 13.4 HIGHLIGHT 13.2 Empowering Lesbian and Gay Parents As Lesbians and Gay Men Age Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS

Summary

SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 13.5

Web Resources

Chapter 14: Biological Aspects of Later Adulthood

A Perspective What Is Later Adulthood?

Senescence SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 14.1 HIGHLIGHT 14.1 What Causes Aging? Factors That Influence the Aging Process

Diseases and Causes of Death Among Older People

HIGHLIGHT 14.2

Life Expectancy

ETHICAL DILEMMA 14.1 HIGHLIGHT 14.3 HIGHLIGHT 14.4 SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 14.2

Wellness: The Strengths Perspective

Physical Exercise Mental Activity Sleep Patterns Nutrition and Diet Stress and Stress Management HIGHLIGHT 14.5

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 15: Psychological Aspects of Later Adulthood

A Perspective Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood Theoretical Concepts About Developmental Tasks in Later Adulthood

Integrity Versus Despair Three Key Psychological Adjustments Life Review Self-Esteem Life Satisfaction Low Status and Ageism SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 15.1 Depression and Other Emotional Problems Spirituality and Religion

Theories of Successful Aging: The Strengths Perspective

Activity Theory Disengagement Theory SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 15.2 Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory

The Impact of Life Events on Older People

Marriage Death of a Spouse Widowhood Never Married Remarriage Family System Relationships Grandparenthood Great-Grandparenthood HIGHLIGHT 15.1

Guidelines for Positive Psychological Preparation for Later Adulthood: The Strengths Perspective Grief Management and Death Education

Death in Our Society: The Impact of Social Forces SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 15.3 The Grieving Process The Kübler-Ross Model The Westberg Model Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations How to Relate to a Dying Person HIGHLIGHT 15.2 How to Relate to Survivors ETHICAL DILEMMA How to Become Comfortable With the Idea of Your Own Eventual Death: The Strengths Perspective HIGHLIGHT 15.3

Summary Web Resources

Chapter 14: Sociological Aspects of Later Adulthood

A Perspective Older People: A Population-at-Risk Problems Faced by Older People

Emphasis on Youth: The Impact of Social and Economic Forces The Increasing Older Population SPOTLIGHT ON DIVERSITY 16.1 The Fastest-Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces Financial Problems of Older People The Social Security System Death ETHICAL DILEMMA Elder Abuse Where Older People Live Transportation Crime Victimization Malnutrition Health Problems and Cost of Care Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Older Mexican Americans

Current Services: Macro System Responses

Older Americans Act of 1965 Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Medicare Prescription Drug Assistance for Seniors Medicaid Food Stamps Adult Protective Services Additional Programs HIGHLIGHT 16.1 Nursing Homes HIGHLIGHT 16.2

Social Work With Older People Older People Are a Powerful Political Force Changing a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for Older People Summary

HIGHLIGHT 16.3

Web Resources

Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

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