Shopping Environments by Coleman, Peter -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Figure Credits Biography Part 1: The Development and Nature of Shopping Environments

1. The Big Issues

Issues Facing Shopping Centres Today Social and Human Issues

Buying an Experience Increasing Expectations Making a Destination Customers Become Guests Demographic Change Catering Facilities Safety and Security Leisure and Entertainment Women Shop Most in the UK Shopping Habits

Planning Issues

Environmental Awareness Integrated Transport Policies

Economic Issues

Maturity of the Market Competition Need to Modernise Town Centre Facilities Expectations Value Importance of the Customer Tenant Mix Constant Change Global Retailers Economies of Scale Emerging Competition Anchors Remain Important Shopfronts Raise their Skirts

The Big Challenges

2. Historical Evolution of Places for Shopping

Ancient Times

Early Civilisation Roman Forums

Medieval To 19th Century

Medieval Market and Town Halls – 11th–16th Centuries Eastern Bazaars Exchanges Streets of Europe Market and Fair Buildings First Generation of Planned Shopping Arcades Bazaars and Department Stores

Other Shopping Influences

Chain Stores Supermarkets

The Beginning of Shopping Centres

The Suburban Malls Precincts Central Area Redevelopments Festival Retailing

Part 2: The Contemporary Types of Shopping Centre

3. Overview

Increased Pace of Evolution The Evolution of Categorisation

Catchment Location Tenant Mix Style of Retailing Physical Form Combination with Other Uses 1st or 2nd Generation

The Types of Shopping Environment

4. Out-of-Town Suburban Shopping

Establishing the Form

Evolution of the Suburban Mall American Influences on European Centres

Regional Shopping Centres Regional Shopping and Leisure Centres New Town Regional Malls Reinvention of the Regional Shopping Centre Lifestyle Centres Retail Resorts Hybrid Centres Non-Town-Centre Shopping Malls Retail Parks Factory Outlet Centres Entertainment Centres

5. Town Centre Shopping

The Big Issues Evolution Of Town Centre Shopping

American Origins Early European Town Centre Shopping Further Developments

Town Centre Malls Galleria And Vertical Malls Speciality Shopping The First Generation of Urban Shopping Centres New Urban Quarters

Rotterdam Nijmegen Manchester

Projects in the Pipeline

Victoria Square, Belfast Paradise Street, Liverpool The Paradise Street Quarters

6. Emerging Types of Shopping

Retail Entertainment Destinations

Free-Standing Destinations Retail Entertainment Districts

Focused Retail Centres Railway Transport Oriented Retail

Destination Stations Neighbourhood Stations

Airport Concourse Retail Other Emerging Trends

Stores with an Experience Instore Education

Part 3: The Design Guides

7. What Makes a Successful Shopping Centre

Unique Qualities of Shopping Centres The Different Stakeholders

Developer/Owners

Developer/Owners Objectives

Tenants

Tenants Objectives

Customers

Customer Influences

Custodians and Social Responsibility Interdependence of the Stakeholders

Different Types of Client

The Appointing Client Developers

Objectives Skills and Characteristics

Property Companies

Objectives Skills and Characteristics Additional Skills and Characteristics of a Shopping Centre Property Company

Financial Institutions

Objectives Skills and Characteristics

Coexistence and Interdependence

8. Initiating the Project – The Fundamental Issues

Starting the Project – the Brief

The Initiating Team The Fundamental Issues

Testing The Location

General Considerations Strategic Considerations Customer Surveys Opinion Based Surveys Relationship with Other Developments Type of Location

Out-of-Town Town Centre

Establishing the Size

Retailer Demand Surveys Optimum Size Testing the Site

Tuning the Tenant Mix

Research Surveys Wish List of Tenants Balanced Mix Catering Tenant Grouping A Range of Shop Unit Sizes Two-Level Shops

Site Accessibility

Access and Catchment Specialist Advice Public Transport

Buses Taxis Trams Trains

Private Cars and Car Parking Pedestrian Access Cycle-Ways Service Vehicles Fire-Fighting Access Refuse Management and Access

Defining the Site

Land Assembly Compulsory Purchase

Layout (Organisational Framework)

General Layout Objectives

Single or Multi-Level

Key Factors of Influence

Location of the Site Available Land The Brief Type of Accommodation Land Value

Types of Multi-Level Solution

Single Level Two Levels Three or more Levels

Multi-Level Schemes

Open, Covered or Enclosed

Recent Trends in Shopping Environments A Move Away from Enclosed Centres

Return to Mixed Use

Leisure and Catering Residential Civic Uses and Libraries Hotels Offices

9. Types of Accommodation

The Principal Types of Shop Unit Shops

Shop Unit Size Frontage Module Shop Proportion Multi-Level Shops Vertical Dimensions Mezzanines and Additional Floors Grids Floor Loading

Medium Space User Shops (MSUs) Anchor Stores Shell Completion to Shops Catering Facilities

Location Considerations Types of Catering Format

1 Food Courts 2 Restaurant Clusters 3 Individual Beverage Areas 4 Bar Clusters

Leisure Facilities

General Combinations with Retail Facilities Types of Leisure Facility

Multi-Screen Cinemas Arthouse Cinemas Family Entertainment Centres (FECs) Bowling Alleys Casinos Bingo Halls Nightclubs Entertainment Venues Health Clubs Rides Specialist Leisure Facilities (Climbing Walls and Sculptures, Skate Board Parks, White Water Rafting, Four-Wheel Drive Courses, Go-Kart Courses, Golf Driving Ranges) Leisure for Entertainment Centres Other Leisure Facilities Shopping as Leisure

Compatibility with Other Uses

Design Guidelines for Tenant Shop Fitting

Tenant’s Shop Fitting Guideline Shopfront Guidelines Coordinating Site Work

10. Front of House Areas – The Public Spaces

Public Circulation Space

The Armature (The Organisational Framework) Functional and Qualitative Requirements Types of Space

Open Spaces Covered Spaces Enclosed Spaces Hybrid Spaces

Practical and Cost Considerations Attracting Tenants

Horizontal Circulation and Layout

Layout Guidelines Types of Layout

Linear Arrangements Circuits Journeys Keyholes Routes Networks

Dimensional Requirements

Public Circulation Space – Widths Public Circulation Space – Lengths Bridge Connections

Visibility between Floors

Vertical Dimensions Spatial Relationship with Structure Gallery Edge Profiles Balustrade Design

Vertical Circulation

Positioning General Types of Vertical Circulation Stairs Ramps Escalators

Escalator Configuration Two-Level Configurations Multiple-Level Configurations Escalator Finishes

Travelators Lifts

Customer Care Facilities

Public Toilets Crèches Shopmobility Other Facilities (Centre Management)

Car Parking

Characteristics Surface Car Parking Over the Centre Parking Basement Parking Decked Parking Flat Plate Multi-Storey Car Parks Split Deck Car Parks Other Arrangements Design Considerations

Car Park Capacity Bay Dimensions Ramps Pedestrian Circulation Vertical Circulation Lighting Signage Payment Systems Barrier Capacity Management

11. The Elements and Features of Public Spaces

Roofs

Types of Roof

Partially Covered Spaces Fully Glazed Roofs Partially Glazed and Solid Roofs Solid Roofs and Glazed Clerestories

Types of Roof Structure Roof Glazing Materials Shading Devices Roof Linings

Floors

Types of Floor Finish Practical Considerations

Balustrades and Handrails

Balustrades Handrails Practical Considerations

Walls, Pilasters and Bulkheads

Walls Pilasters Bulkheads

Features

Water Features Sculpture Clocks and Instruments Seating Planting

Lighting

Background and General Lighting Feature Lighting Effect Lighting Types of Luminaire

12. Back of House Areas and Installations

Characteristics and Types of Area Management Facilities

Activities and Responsibilities Management Accommodation

Location Size Typical Facilities

Access And Deliveries

Importance of Deliveries Service Yards

Positioning Types of Yard Refuse Space Unloading Docks Security Management Lighting Finishes

Delivery Corridors (Service Corridors) Service Lifts Interconnecting Stairs

Plant and Installation Space

Service Distribution (Corridors and Risers) Landlord’s Plant Rooms

Statutory Service Connections Water Storage Storm Water Holding Tanks Emergency Generators Lift Motor Rooms Space Heating and Cooling Ventilation Plant Smoke Ventilation Combined Heat and Power Working Space

Provision for Tenants’ Plant Control Rooms

Environmental Issues

Typical Energy Use Primary Energy Source Location Material Selection Component Design Avoiding Waste Operational Efficiency Alternative Energy Sourcing Heat Transfer Efficient Systems and Controls Mitigating Heat Build up Sensible Comfort Standards The Future

Fire Safety

Regulations Means of Escape Control of Smoke Prevention of Fire Spread Access for Fire-Fighting Facilities Management Systems and Procedures

13. Economic and Commercial Considerations

Overall Objectives Finding the Opportunity Assessing if a Project will be Successful Managing the Process and Risk

Planning Site Assembly Efficient Design Delivery Time Completion Dates Funding Leasing

Making a Profit

Development Appraisals Terminology

Development (or Capital) Value Interest Tenant Incentives Development Profit Development Yield (Return on Cost) Net Present Value Rental Returns

The Bottom Line Influence

Other Considerations and Drivers

Size of Development Economic Cycles Development Agreement Funding Agreements

14. Future Places for Shopping

Continual Evolution Environmental Drivers

Planning Environmental Awareness

Market Drivers

Maturity of the Market Intensification Research Analysis Comprehensive Development Specialised Development Regional Control Bigger Shops

Customer Drivers

Experiential Informative User-Friendly and Convenient

Going Forward

Index

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →