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Index
Cover
Table of Contents
Dedication
Title page
Copyright page
About the Authors
Contributors
Preface and Acknowledgments
How to Use Your Textbook
Features Contained within Your Textbook
The Anytime, Anywhere Textbook
About the Companion Website
1: Overview of the Immune System
Introduction
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Clonal Selection Theory
Active, Passive, and Adoptive Immunization
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Generation of Diversity in the Immune Response
Benefits of Immunology
Damaging Effects of the Immune Response
The Future of Immunology
The Short Course Begins Here
References and Bibliography
2: Innate Immunity
Introduction
Physical and Chemical Barriers of Innate Immunity
Pattern Recognition: The Hallmark of Innate Immune Responses
Complement
Inflammation
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
3: Adaptive Immunity
Cells and Organs Involved in Adaptive Immunity
The Fate of Antigen after Penetration
Interrelationship between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
4: Immunogens and Antigens
Introduction
Requirements for Immunogenicity
Primary and Secondary Responses
Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site
Epitopes Recognized by B Cells and T Cells
Major Classes of Antigens
Binding of Antigen with Antigen-Specific Antibodies or T Cells
Cross-Reactivity
Adjuvants
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
5: Antibody Structure and Function
Introduction
Isolation and Characterization of Immunoglobulins
Structure of Light and Heavy Chains
Domains
Hinge Region
Variable Region
Immunoglobulin Variants
Structural Features of IgG
Structural Features of IgM
Biologic Properties of IgM
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgA
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgD
Structural and Biologic Properties of IgE
Kinetics of the Antibody Response Following Immunization
The Immunoglobulin Superfamily
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
6: Antigen–Antibody Interactions, Immune Assays, and Experimental Systems
Introduction
Antigen–Antibody Interactions
Primary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen
Secondary Interactions between Antibody and Antigen
Immunoassays
Immunofluorescence
Flow Cytometry
Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption
Cellular Assays
Cell Culture
Experimental Animal Models
Transgenic Mice and Gene Targeting
Analysis of Gene Expression
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
7: The Genetic Basis of Antibody Structure
Introduction
A Brief Review of Nonimmunoglobulin Gene Structure and Gene Expression
Genetic Events in Synthesis of Ig Chains
Class or Isotype Switching
Generation of Antibody Diversity
Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Generating Antibody Diversity
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
8: Biology of the B Lymphocyte
Introduction
Development of B Lymphocytes
Sites of Antibody Synthesis
B-Cell Membrane Proteins
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
9: How T Cells Recognize Antigen: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Introduction
How The MHC Got Its Name
MHC Role in Antigen Presentation
Different MHC Molecules Are Expressed by Distinct Host Cells and Interact with Different Sets of T Cells
Variability of MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules
Structure of MHC Class I and Class II Molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation: How MHC Molecules Bind Peptides and Create Ligands That Interact with T Cells
Other Types of Antigen That Activate T-Cell Responses
Genes of the HLA Region
Nomenclature of Polymorphic MHC Molecules
Regulation of Expression of MHC Genes
MHC in Other Species
Diversity of MHC Molecules: MHC Association with Resistance and Susceptibility to Disease
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
10: Biology of the T Lymphocyte
Introduction
The Antigen-Specific T-Cell Receptor
Genes Coding for T-Cell Receptors
Generation of T-Cell Receptor Diversity
T-Cell Differentiation in the Thymus
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
11: Activation and Function of T Cells
Introduction
A Two-Signal Model for the Activation of T Cells
Dendritic Cells Are the Key APC for Naïve T Cells
Activation of CD4+ T Cells
CD4+ T-Cell Function
Activation and Function of CD8+ T Cells
CD8+ T-Cell Killing of Target Cells
Memory T Cells
Function of Other Subsets of T Cells
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
12: Cytokines
Introduction
The History of Cytokines
General Properties of Cytokines
Functional Categories of Cytokines
Cytokine Receptors
Cytokine Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction
Role of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Disease
Therapeutic Exploitation of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
13: Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Introduction
Central Tolerance
Peripheral Tolerance
Oral Tolerance
Immune Privilege
Autoimmunity and Disease
Autoimmune Diseases
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
14: Complement
Introduction
Overview of Complement Activation
Regulation of Complement Activity
Biologic Activities of Complement
Complement Deficiencies
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
15: Hypersensitivity: Type I
Introduction
General Characteristics of Allergic Reactions
Sensitization Phase
Activation Phase
Effector Phase
Clinical Aspects of Allergic Reactions
Clinical Tests for Allergies and Clinical Intervention
Intervention
The Protective Role of IgE
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
16: Hypersensitivity: Types II and III
Introduction
Type II Hypersensitivity
Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
17: Hypersensitivity: Type IV
Introduction
General Characteristics and Pathophysiology of DTH
Examples of DTH
Treatment of DTH
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
18: Immunodeficiency Disorders and Neoplasias of the Lymphoid System
Introduction
Immunodeficiency Syndromes
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Neoplasms of Lymphoid System
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
19: Transplantation
Introduction
Relationship between Donor and Recipient
Immune Mechanisms are Responsible for Allograft Rejection
Categories of Allograft Rejection
Role of MHC Molecules in Allograft Rejection
Role of T Cell Lineages and Cytokines in Allograft Rejection
Laboratory Tests Used in Tissue Typing
Prolongation of Allograft Survival: Immunosuppresive Therapy
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Xenogeneic Transplantation
The Fetus: A Tolerated Allograft
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
20: Tumor Immunology
Introduction
Tumor Antigens
Categories of Tumor Antigens
Immunologic Factors Influencing the Incidence of Cancer
Effector Mechanisms in Tumor Immunity
Cell-Mediated Responses to Tumor Cells
Cytokines
Limitations of the Effectiveness of The Immune Response Against Tumors
Immunodiagnosis
Tumor Immunoprophylaxis
Immunotherapy
References And Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers To Review Questions
21: Resistance and Immunization to Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Host Defense Against the Various Classes of Microbial Pathogens
Mechanisms by Which Pathogens Evade the Immune Response
Principles of Immunization
Objectives of Immunization
Active Immunizations
Basic Mechanisms of Protection
Vaccine Precautions
Recent Approaches to Production of Vaccines
Passive Immunization
References and Bibliography
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
Glossary
Appendix: Partial List of CD Antigens
Index
End User License Agreement
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