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Index
The Growth of Biological Thought Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance Preface Contents The Growth of Biological Thought 1 Introduction: How to write history of biology Lexicographic Histories Chronological Histories Biographical Histories Cultural and Sociological Histories Problematic Histories Subjectivity and Bias Historians versus Scientists The Bias of the Physical Scientists Other Biases Pitfalls and Difficulties Timeliness Simplification Silent Assumptions Why Study the History of Biology? 2 The place of biology in the sciences and its conceptual structure THE NATURE OF SCIENCE Discovery of New Facts or Development of New Concepts? Method in Science THE POSITION OF BIOLOGY WITHIN THE SCIENCES How and Why Is Biology Different? Special Characteristics of Living Organisms Reduction and Biology Emergence THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE BIOLOGY Historical Narratives and Evolutionary Biology A New Philosophy of Biology Biology and Human Thought Biology and Human Values 3 The changing intellectual milieu of biology ANTIQUITY Aristotle THE CHRISTIAN WORLD PICTURE THE RENAISSANCE Descartes THE DISCOVERY OF DIVERSITY Natural Theology Life and Generation BIOLOGY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT Paris from Buffon to Cuvier THE RISE OF SCIENCE FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Nature of Scientific Publication DIVISIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Physiology Comes of Age Darwinism BIOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Ethology and Ecology The Emergence of Molecular Biology MAJOR PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY BIOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY BIOLOGY TODAY I Diversity of Life The Discovery of the Extent of Diversity Fossils Systematics, the Science of Diversity The Structure of Systematics 4 Macrotaxonomy, the science of classifying Aristotle THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BY THE ANCIENTS AND THE HERBALISTS Classification among the Herbalists DOWNWARD CLASSIFICATION BY LOGICAL DIVISION Ray and Tournefort PRE-LINNAEAN ZOOLOGISTS CARL LINNAEUS Linnaeus and the Higher Categories The Genus The Sexual System of Linnaeus BUFFON A NEW START IN ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION Cuvier and the Correlation of Characters Lamarck TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS Polythetic Taxa UPWARD CLASSIFICATION BY EMPIRICAL GROUPING Adanson and the Use of Multiple Characters TRANSITION PERIOD (1758-1859) The Search for a Natural System Scala Naturae HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATIONS The Reality of the Higher Categories and Taxa THE DECLINE OF MACROTAXONOMIC RESEARCH NUMERICAL PHENETICS CLADISTICS THE TRADITIONAL OR EVOLUTIONARY METHODOLOGY NEW TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF CLASSIFICATION FACILITATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE OF SYSTEMATICS THE STUDY OF DIVERSITY 6 Microtaxonomy, the science of species EARLY SPECIES CONCEPTS THE ESSENTIALIST SPECIES CONCEPT THE NOMINALISTIC SPECIES CONCEPT DARWIN'S SPECIES CONCEPT THE RISE OF THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT THE NEW SYSTEMATICS THE VALIDITY OF THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT APPLYING THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT TO MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPECIES TAXA THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIES IN BIOLOGY II Evolution 7 Origins without evolution THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY THE COMING OF EVOLUTIONISM THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT DEVELOPMENTS ELSEWHERE IN EUROPE THE HERITAGE OF THE PRE-LAMARCKIAN PERIOD 8 Evolution before Darwin LAMARCK FRANCE ENGLAND GERMANY THE PRE-DARWINIAN LULL 9 Charles Darwin DARWIN AND EVOLUTION ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE DARWIN'S PROCRASTINATION 10 Darwin's evidence for evolution and common descent THE EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE THE EVIDENCE FOR COMMON DESCENT 11 The causation of evolution: natural selection THE LOGIC OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF NATURAL SELECTION THE IMPACT OF THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Evolution as Such THE RESISTANCE TO NATURAL SELECTION ALTERNATE EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION, REGULARITIES, AND LAWS 12 Diversity and synthesis of evolutionary thought NEO-DARWINISM THE GROWING SPLIT AMONG THE EVOLUTIONISTS ADVANCES IN EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS ADVANCES IN EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS THE EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS 13 Post-synthesis developments POPULATION GENETICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY NATURAL SELECTION MODES OF SPECIATION MACROEVOLUTION THE EVOLUTION OF MAN UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY EVOLUTION IN MODERN THOUGHT III Variation and Its Inheritance 14 Early theories and breeding experiments THEORIES OF INHERITANCE AMONG THE ANCIENTS NEW BEGINNINGS MENDEL'S FORERUNNERS 15 Germ cells, vehicles of heredity THE SCHWANN-SCHLEIDEN CELL THEORY THE MEANING OF SEX AND FERTILIZATION THE MATERIAL BASIS OF VARIATION AND INHERITANCE CHROMOSOMES AND THEIR ROLE 16 The nature of inheritance DARWIN AND VARIATION SOFT OR HARD INHERITANCE AUGUST WEISMANN HUGO DE VRIES GREGOR MENDEL 17 The flowering of Mendelian genetics THE REDISCOVERERS OF MENDEL THE CLASSICAL PERIOD OF MENDELIAN GENETICS THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN GENETICS 18 Theories of the gene COMPETING THEORIES OF INHERITANCE THE MENDELIAN EXPLANATION OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION 19 The chemical basis of inheritance THE SHIFTING FORTUNES OF THE NUCLEIC-ACID THEORY OF INHERITANCE THE DISCOVERY OF THE DOUBLE HELIX GENETICS IN MODERN THOUGHT 20 Epilogue: Toward a science of Science SCIENTISTS AND THE SCIENTIFIC MILIEU THE MATURATION OF THEORIES AND CONCEPTS THE SCIENCES AND THE EXTERNAL MILIEU THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROGRESS IN SCIENCE Notes References Glossary Index Notes 1. How To Write a History of Biology 2. The Place of Biology in the Sciences 3. The Changing Intellectual Milieu of Biology Part I. The Diversity of Life 4. Macrotaxonomy, the Science of Classifying 5. Grouping According to Common Ancestry 6. Microtaxonomy, the Science of Species Part II. Evolution 7. Origins without Evolution 8. Evolution before Darwin 9. Charles Darwin 10. Darwin's Evidence for Evolution and Common Descent 11. The Causation of Evolution: Natural Selection 12. The Diversity and Synthesis of Evolutionary Thought 13. Post-Synthesis Developments Part III. Variation and Its Inheritance 14. Early Theories and Breeding Experiments 15. Germ Cells, Vehicles of Heredity 16. The Nature of Inheritance 17. The Flowering of Mendelian Genetics 18. Theories of the Gene 19. The Chemical Basis of Inheritance References Glossary Index
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