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Index
Title Page Copyright Credits About the Authors About the Reviewer www.PacktPub.com Customer Feedback Preface
What this book covers What you need for this book Who this book is for Sections
Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also
Conventions Reader feedback Customer support
Downloading the example code Downloading the color images of this book Errata Piracy Questions
Shell Something Out
Introduction Displaying output in a terminal
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Escaping newline in echo Printing a colored output
Using variables and environment variables
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Finding the length of a string Identifying the current shell Checking for super user Modifying the Bash prompt string (username@hostname:~$)
Function to prepend to environment variables
How to do it... How it works...
Math with the shell
How to do it...
Playing with file descriptors and redirection
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Redirection from a file to a command Redirecting from a text block enclosed within a script Custom file descriptors
Arrays and associative arrays
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Defining associative arrays Listing of array indexes
Visiting aliases
How to do it... There's more...
Escaping aliases Listing aliases
Grabbing information about the terminal
Getting ready How to do it...
Getting and setting dates and delays
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Producing delays in a script
Debugging the script
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Shebang hack
Functions and arguments
How to do it... There's more...
The recursive function Reading the return value (status) of a command Passing arguments to commands
Sending output from one command to another
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Spawning a separate process with subshell Subshell quoting to preserve spacing and the newline character
Reading n characters without pressing the return key
How to do it...
Running a command until it succeeds
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
A faster approach Adding a delay
Field separators and iterators
Getting ready How to do it...
Comparisons and tests
How to do it...
Customizing bash with configuration files
How to do it...
Have a Good Command
Introduction Concatenating with cat
How to do it... There's more...
Getting rid of extra blank lines Displaying tabs as ^I Line numbers
Recording and playing back terminal sessions
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Finding files and file listing
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Search based on name or regular expression match Negating arguments Searching based on the directory depth Searching based on file type Searching by file timestamp Searching based on file size Matching based on file permissions and ownership Performing actions on files with find Deleting based on file matches Executing a command Skipping specified directories when using the find command
Playing with xargs
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Passing formatted arguments to a command by reading stdin Using xargs with find Counting the number of lines of C code in a source code directory While and subshell trick with stdin
Translating with tr
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Deleting characters using tr Complementing character sets Squeezing characters with tr Character classes
Checksum and verification
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Checksum for directories
Cryptographic tools and hashes
How to do it...
Sorting unique and duplicate lines
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Sorting according to keys or columns uniq
Temporary file naming and random numbers
How to do it... How it works...
Splitting files and data
How to do it... There's more...
Specifying a filename prefix for the split files
Slicing filenames based on extensions
How to do it... How it works...
Renaming and moving files in bulk
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Spell–checking and dictionary manipulation
How to do it... How it works...
Automating interactive input
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Automating with expect
Making commands quicker by running parallel processes
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Examining a directory, files and subdirectories in it
Getting ready How to do it...
Generating a tree view of a directory. Generating a summary of files and sub-directories
File In, File Out
Introduction Generating files of any size
How to do it...
The intersection and set difference (A-B) on text files
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Finding and deleting duplicate files
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Working with file permissions, ownership, and the sticky bit
How to do it... There's more...
Changing ownership Setting the sticky bit Applying permissions recursively to files Applying ownership recursively Running an executable as a different user (setuid)
Making files immutable
Getting ready How to do it...
Generating blank files in bulk
Getting ready How to do it...
Finding symbolic links and their targets
How to do it... How it works...
Enumerating file type statistics
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Using loopback files
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Creating partitions inside loopback images Mounting loopback disk images with partitions more quickly Mounting ISO files as loopback Flush changing immediately with sync
Creating ISO files and hybrid ISO
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Hybrid ISO that boots off a flash drive or hard disk Burning an ISO from the command line Playing with the CD-ROM tray
Finding the difference between files, and patching
How to do it... There's more...
Generating difference against directories
Using head and tail for printing the last or first 10 lines
How to do it...
Listing only directories - alternative methods
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Fast command-line navigation using pushd and popd
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
pushd and popd are useful when there are more than three directory paths used. However, when you use only two locations, there is an alternative and easier way, that is, cd -.
Counting the number of lines, words, and characters in a file
How to do it...
Printing the directory tree
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
HTML output for tree
Manipulating video and image files
Getting ready
Extracting Audio from a movie file (mp4)
How to do it...
Making a video from a set of still images
How to do it... How it works...
Creating a panned video from a still camera shot
How to do it... How it works...
Texting and Driving
Introduction Using regular expressions
How to do it...
Position markers Identifiers Count modifiers Other There's more...
How it works... There's more...
Treatment of special characters Visualizing regular expressions
Searching and mining text inside a file with grep
How to do it... There's more...
Recursively searching many files Ignoring case in patterns grep by matching multiple patterns Including and excluding files in a grep search Using grep with xargs with the zero-byte suffix Silent output for grep Printing lines before and after text matches
Cutting a file column-wise with cut
How to do it... There's more
Specifying the range of characters or bytes as fields
Using sed to perform text replacement
How to do it... There's more...
Removing blank lines Performing replacement directly in the file Matched string notation () Substring match notation (\1) Combining multiple expressions Quoting
Using awk for advanced text processing
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Special variables Passing an external variable to awk Reading a line explicitly using getline Filtering lines processed by awk with filter patterns Setting delimiters for fields Reading the command output from awk Associative arrays in Awk Using loop inside awk String manipulation functions in awk
Finding the frequency of words used in a given file
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Compressing or decompressing JavaScript
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Merging multiple files as columns
How to do it... See also
Printing the nth word or column in a file or line
How to do it... See also
Printing text between line numbers or patterns
Getting ready How to do it... See also
Printing lines in the reverse order
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Parsing e-mail address and URLs from text
How to do it... How it works... See also
Removing a sentence in a file containing a word
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Replacing a pattern with text in all the files in a directory
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Text slicing and parameter operations
How to do it... See also
Tangled Web? Not At All!
Introduction Downloading from a web page
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Restricting the download speed Resume downloading and continue Copying a complete website (mirroring) Accessing pages with HTTP or FTP authentication
Downloading a web page as plain text
Getting ready How to do it...
A primer on cURL
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Continuing and resuming downloads Setting the referer string with cURL Cookies with cURL Setting a user agent string with cURL Specifying a bandwidth limit on cURL Specifying the maximum download size Authenticating with cURL Printing response headers excluding data
See also
Accessing unread Gmail e-mails from the command line
How to do it... How it works... See also
Parsing data from a website
How to do it... How it works... See also
Image crawler and downloader
How to do it... How it works... See also
Web photo album generator
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Twitter command-line client
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Accessing word definitions via a web server
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Finding broken links in a website
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Tracking changes to a website
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Posting to a web page and reading the response
Getting ready How to do it... See also
Downloading a video from the Internet
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Summarizing text with OTS
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Translating text from the command line
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Repository Management
Introduction Creating a new git repository
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Cloning a remote git repository
How to do it...
Adding and committing changes with git
How to do it...
Creating and merging branches with git
Getting ready... How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Merging branches
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Sharing your work
How to do it...
Pushing a branch to a server
How to do it...
Checking the status of a git repository
How to do it... How it works...
Viewing git history
How to do it...
Finding bugs
How to do it... There's more...
How to do it... How it works...
Tagging snapshots
How to do it...
Committing message ethics
How to do it...
Using fossil
Getting ready How to do it...
Creating a new fossil repository
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Web interface to fossil
How to do it...
Making a repository available to remote users
Cloning a remote fossil repository
How to do it... How it works...
Opening a fossil project
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Adding and committing changes with fossil
How to do it... There's more...
Using branches and forks with fossil
How to do it How it works... There's more...
Merging forks and branches
How to do it...
Sharing your work with fossil
How to do it... How it works...
Updating your local fossil repository
How to do it...
Checking the status of a fossil repository
How to do it...
Viewing fossil history
How to do it...
Finding bugs
How to do it... There's more...
Tagging snapshots
How to do it... There's more...
The Backup Plan
Introduction Archiving with tar
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Appending files to an archive Extracting files and folders from an archive stdin and stdout with tar Concatenating two archives Updating files in an archive with a timestamp check Comparing files in the archive and filesystem Deleting files from the archive Compression with the tar archive Excluding a set of files from archiving Excluding version control directories Printing the total bytes
See also
Archiving with cpio
How to do it... How it works...
Compressing data with gzip
How to do it... There's more...
Gzip with tarball zcat - reading gzipped files without extracting Compression ratio Using bzip2 Using lzma
See also
Archiving and compressing with zip
How to do it... How it works...
Faster archiving with pbzip2
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Manually specifying the number of CPUs Specifying the compression ratio
Creating filesystems with compression
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Excluding files while creating a squashfs file
Backing up snapshots with rsync
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Excluding files while archiving with rsync Deleting non-existent files while updating rsync backup Scheduling backups at intervals
Differential archives
How to do it... How it works...
Creating entire disk images using fsarchiver
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
The Old-Boy Network
Introduction Setting up the network
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Printing the list of network interfaces Displaying IP addresses Spoofing the hardware address (MAC address) Name server and DNS (Domain Name Service)
DNS lookup
Showing routing table information
See also
Let us ping!
How to do it... There's more...
Round Trip Time Sequence number Time to live Limiting the number of packets to be sent Return status of the ping command
Tracing IP routes
How to do it...
Listing all available machines on a network
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Parallel pings
Using fping
See also
Running commands on a remote host with SSH
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
SSH with compression Redirecting data into stdin of remote host shell commands
Running graphical commands on a remote machine
How to do it... See also
Transferring files through the network
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Automated FTP transfer SFTP (Secure FTP) The rsync command SCP (secure copy program) Recursive copying with scp
See also
Connecting to a wireless network
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Password-less auto-login with SSH
Getting ready How to do it...
Port forwarding using SSH
How to do it... There's more...
Non-interactive port forward Reverse port forwarding
Mounting a remote drive at a local mount point
Getting ready How to do it... See also
Network traffic and port analysis
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Opened port and services using netstat
Measuring network bandwidth
How to do it...
Creating arbitrary sockets
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Quickly copying files over the network Creating a broadcasting server
How it works...
Building a bridge
Getting ready How to do it...
Sharing an Internet connection
Getting ready How to do it... How it works
Basic firewall using iptables
How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Creating a Virtual Private Network
Getting ready How to do it...
Creating certificates Configuring OpenVPN on the server Configuring OpenVPN on the client Starting the server Starting and testing a client
Put On the Monitors Cap
Introduction Monitoring disk usage
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Displaying disk usage in KB, MB, or blocks Displaying the grand total sum of disk usage Printing sizes in specified units Excluding files from the disk usage calculation Finding the ten largest size files from a given directory Disk free information
Calculating the execution time for a command
How to do it... How it works...
Collecting information about logged in users, boot logs, and boot failures
Getting ready How to do it...
Listing the top ten CPU– consuming processes in an hour
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Monitoring command outputs with watch
How to do it... There's more
Highlighting the differences in the watch output
Logging access to files and directories
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Logging with syslog
Getting ready How to do it... See also
Managing log files with logrotate
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Monitoring user logins to find intruders
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Monitoring remote disk usage health
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Determining active user hours on a system
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Measuring and optimizing power usage
Getting ready How to do it...
Monitoring disk activity
Getting ready How to do it...
Checking disks and filesystems for errors
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Examining disk health
Getting ready How to do it... How it works
Getting disk statistics
Getting ready How to do it... How it works There's more
Administration Calls
Introduction Gathering information about processes
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Showing environment variables for a process Creating a tree view of processes Sorting ps output Filters with ps for real user or ID, effective user or ID TTY filter for ps Information about process threads Specifying the output width and columns to be displayed
What's what – which, whereis, whatis, and file
How to do it...
Finding the process ID from the given command names Determining how busy a system is The top command
See also...
Killing processes, and sending and responding to signals
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
The kill family of commands Capturing and responding to signals
Sending messages to user terminals
Getting ready How to do it...
Sending one message to one user Holding a conversation with another user Sending a message to all users
The /proc filesystem
How to do it...
Gathering system information
How to do it...
Scheduling with a cron
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Specifying environment variables Running commands at system start-up/boot Viewing the cron table Removing the cron table
Database styles and uses
Getting ready How to do it... There's more...
Creating a table Inserting a row into an SQL database Selecting rows from a SQL database
Writing and reading SQLite databases
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Writing and reading a MySQL database from Bash
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
User administration scripts
How to do it... How it works...
Bulk image resizing and format conversion
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... See also
Taking screenshots from the terminal
Getting ready How to do it...
Managing multiple terminals from one
Getting ready How to do it...
Tracing the Clues
Introduction Tracing packets with tcpdump
Getting ready How to do it...
Displaying only HTTP packets Displaying only HTTP packets generated by this host Viewing the packet payload as well as headers
How it works...
Finding packets with ngrep
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Tracing network routes with ip
Getting ready How to do it...
Reporting routes with ip route Tracing recent IP connections and the ARP table Tracing a route How it works...
Tracing system calls with strace
Getting ready How to do it... How it works...
Tracing dynamic library functions with ltrace
Getting ready How to do it... How it works... There's more...
Tuning a Linux System
Introduction Identifying services
Getting ready How to do it...
systemd-based computers RedHat-based computers Debian-based computers
There's more
Gathering socket data with ss
Getting ready How to do it...
Displaying the status of tcp sockets Tracing applications listening on ports
How it works
Gathering system I/O usage with dstat
Getting ready How to do it...
Viewing system activity
How it works There's more...
Identifying a resource hog with pidstat
Getting ready How to do it... How it works
Tuning the Linux kernel with sysctl
Getting started How to do it...
Tuning the task scheduler Tuning a network
How it works There's more...
Tuning a Linux system with config files
Getting ready How to do it... How it works
Changing scheduler priority using the nice command
How to do it... How it works There's more
Containers, Virtual Machines, and the Cloud
Introduction Using Linux containers
Getting ready How to do it...
Creating a privileged container Starting a container Stopping a container Listing known containers Displaying container information Creating an unprivileged container Creating an Ethernet bridge
How it works...
Using Docker
Getting ready How to do it...
Finding a container Downloading a container Starting a Docker container Listing the Docker sessions Attaching your display to a running Docker container Stopping a Docker session Removing a Docker instance
How it works
Using Virtual Machines in Linux
Getting ready How to do it...
Linux in the cloud
Getting ready
Ubuntu 16.10 OpenSuSE Tumbleweed
How to do it...
Configuring OwnCloud
There's more...
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