The History of Bhutan by Phuntsho, Karma -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface THE COUNTRY AND ITS NAMES

Mon Lhomonkhazhi—the Mon of four approaches Menjong—the medicinal country Country bestrewn with Tsanden Drukyul—the Land of the Thunder Dragon Bhutan—a British legacy

THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE

The Subtropical Lowlands The Temperate Midlands The Alpine Highlands The People

MANY TONGUES

Central Bodish group

Dzongkha Chocha Ngacha/Tsamangpikha Jyokha of Merak and Sakteng Jyokha of Dur Lakha language Bökay or Tibetan

East Bodish group

Bumthangkha Khengkha Kurtöp Ngenkha Chalibikha Dzalakha Dakpakha Monkha/Olekha

Other Bodic languages

Tshangla Lhopikha Gongdukpikha Lepcha Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Sherpa, etc. Kurux

Indo-European languages

Nepali Hindi English

HISTORY AND PREHISTORY

In the presence of the past The Prehistoric Period

EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD: EARLY DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM

Songtsen Gampo and the two temples Padmasambhava and the two kings The refugees

EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD: LATER DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM

The dung lineages The Ura dung The Ngang dung Dung/dung reng The religious lines Bön religion The Lhapa Kagyu school The Drukpa Kagyu school The Nyingma school Tertöns in rough chronological order Pema Lingpa and other local Bhutanese tertöns Lhomon Kathogpa Chagzampa tradition Nenyingpa Barawa of Kagyu school Sakyapa Shingtapa of Gelug school Kamtshangof Kagyu school Drigung of Kagyu school Other prominent religious visitors Indian visitors A sketch of society and polity

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD: THE UNIFICATION OF THE DRAGON COUNTRY

The historical conditions Zhabdrung’s dispute in Tibet Zhabdrung arrives in Bhutan The Portuguese guests Zhabdrung’s first dzong and the second Tibetan invasion The Palace of Great Bliss and the third Tibetan invasion The Dalai Lama’s rule and Zhabdrung’s victory Gaden Phodrang’s second defeat and Zhabdrung’s celebrations Zhabdrung’s retreat and expansion of the state

ZHABDRUNG’S LEGACY AND THE EARLY MONK RULERS

Zhabdrung’s legacy of a religious state Sustaining Zhabdrung’s legacy The pressing question of succession The beginning of internal strife The alternate line of succession Overture to Ladakh and disclosure of the ‘open secret’

MULTIPLE INCARNATIONS AND THE RISE OF LAY RULERS

THE RISE OF SOUTHWARD RELATIONS AND INTERNAL STRIFE

Zhidar and Bhutan’s affairs with Cooch Behar The opportunistic EIC Bogle and the first British Mission to Bhutan The reign of Jigme Sengay and more white men Factional fighting and the imbroglio of incarnations The clash of incarnations and the first pressure from the east Bhutan’s stake in British expansion Death, destruction and reappearance

CIVIL WARS AND FRONTIER TROUBLES

First clash with the British in the east The fear of the unknown and the Pemberton mission Chakpa Sangay’s rebellion and an unaccomplished mission Two capitals, two rulers and oaths of reconciliation The loss of the luminaries and re-ignition of strife The fate of Jigme Norbu and the fall of Chakpa Sangay The incessant conflicts The rise of Jigme Namgyal

THE DUAR WAR AND THE BLACK REGENT

Continued frontier outrages The humiliation of Ashley Eden TheDuarWar Resumption of civil war

THE EMERGENCE OF UGYEN WANGCHUK AND END OF CIVIL WAR

The Rise of Ugyen Wangchuk Bhutan’s last internal strife and the battle of Changlingmethang Ugyen Wangchuk as king-maker and mediator The final years of a religious republic

EARLY MODERN PERIOD: THE INTRODUCTION OF MONARCHY

The sociopolitical setting The King is crowned King Ugyen Wangchuk’s deeds and devotion The reign of Jigme Wangchuk The weight of the golden yoke Securing the sovereignty

THE MODERN PERIOD: THE DRAGON’S NEW JOURNEY

Decentralization, democracy and dasho aspirants Security, sovereignty and the dragon’s wrath Socioeconomic development and cultural transformations The dragon’s tryst with happiness

Bibliography Notes Index Acknowledgements A Note on the Author