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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Psychology: Evolution of a Science
Psychology’s Roots: The Path to a Science of Mind
Psychology’s Ancestors: The Great Philosophers
Linking the Mind to the Brain: The French Connection
Structuralism: A First Step Toward the Scientific Method
Functionalism: Mental Processes as Adaptations
THE REAL WORLD: Improving Study Skills
The Development of Clinical Psychology
Lessons from Work with Patients
Freud Develops Psychoanalytic Theory
The Rise of Humanistic Psychology
The Search for Objective Measurement: Behaviourism Takes Centre Stage
Watson and the Emergence of Behaviourism
OTHER VOICES: Is Psychology a Science?
B. F. Skinner and the Development of Behaviourism
Return of the Mind: Psychology Expands
Pioneering Ideas Lead to Cognitive Psychology
The Brain Meets the Mind: The Rise of Cognitive Neuroscience
The Adaptive Mind: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology
Beyond the Individual: Social and Cultural Perspectives
The Development of Social Psychology
The Emergence of Cultural Psychology
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: To Have and Have Not
The Profession of Psychology: Past and Present
Psychologists Band Together: The American Psychological Association
What Psychologists Do: Research Careers
HOT SCIENCE: Psychology as a Hub Science
Chapter Review
2 Methods in Psychology
Empiricism: How to Know Stuff
The Scientific Method
The Art of Looking
Observation: What Do People Do?
Measurement
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Are Heroes and Sheroes Divided by Zeroes?
Description
Explanation: Why Do People Do What They Do?
Correlation
Causation
HOT SCIENCE: Is Science Gender Biased?
THE REAL WORLD: Oddsly Enough
Drawing Conclusions: What Do Measurements Tell Us?
Thinking Critically About Evidence
We See What We Expect and Want
The Skeptical Stance
The Ethics of Science: What’s Right?
Respecting People
OTHER VOICES: Can We Afford Science?
Respecting Animals
Respecting Truth
Chapter Review
3 Neuroscience and Behaviour
Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour
Components of the Neuron
Neurons Specialized by Function
Neurons Specialized by Location
The Electrochemical Actions of Neurons: Information Processing
Electric Signaling: Conducting Information Within a Neuron
Chemical Signaling: Transmission Between Neurons
The Organization of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
Components of the Central Nervous System
HOT SCIENCE: The Power of Thought: Brain–Machine Interfaces
Structure of the Brain
The Hindbrain
The Midbrain
The Forebrain
Brain Plasticity
THE REAL WORLD: Brain Plasticity and Sensations in Phantom Limbs
The Development and Evolution of Nervous Systems
Prenatal Development of the Central Nervous System
Evolutionary Development of the Central Nervous System
Genes, Epigenetics, and the Environment
HOT SCIENCE: Epigenetics and the Persisting Effects of Early Experiences
Investigating the Brain
Studying the Damaged Brain
Studying the Brain’s Electrical Activity
Using Brain Imaging to Study Structure and to Watch the Brain in Action
OTHER VOICES: Neuromyths
Chapter Review
4 Sensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception Are Distinct Activities
Psychophysics
Measuring Thresholds
Signal Detection
THE REAL WORLD: Multitasking
Sensory Adaptation
Vision I: The Eyes and the Brain Convert Light Waves to Neural Signals
Sensing Light
Perceiving Colour
The Visual Brain
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: The Dress
Vision II: Recognizing What We Perceive
Attention: The “Glue” That Binds Individual Features Into a Whole
Recognizing Objects by Sight
Perceiving Depth and Size
Perceiving Motion and Change
OTHER VOICES: Hallucinations and the Visual System
Audition: More Than Meets the Ear
Sensing Sound
Perceiving Pitch
Hearing Loss
HOT SCIENCE: Music Training: Worth the Time
The Body Senses: More Than Skin Deep
Sensing Touch
Sensing Pain
Perceiving Pain
Body Position, Movement, and Balance
The Chemical Senses: Adding Flavour
Sense of Smell
Perceiving Smell
Sense of Taste
Perceiving Taste
Chapter Review
5 Consciousness
The Mysteries of Consciousness
The Problem of Other Minds
The Mind–Body Problem
The Nature of Consciousness
Four Basic Properties
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious Contents
HOT SCIENCE: Coma and Disorders of Consciousness
The Unconscious Mind
Freudian Unconscious
THE REAL WORLD: Anyone for Tennis?
A Modern View of the Cognitive Unconscious
The Unconscious Mind: Smart or Not So Smart?
Sleep and Dreaming: Good Night, Mind
Sleep
Dreams
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Dreaming Blind
Drugs and Consciousness: Artificial Inspiration
Drug Use and Abuse
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
OTHER VOICES: Pot Should Be Legalized, Regulated, and Sold Like Alcohol: Addiction Centre
Hypnosis: Open to Suggestion
Induction and Susceptibility
Hypnotic Effects
Chapter Review
6 Memory
What Is Memory?
Encoding: Transforming Perceptions Into Memories
Semantic Encoding
Visual Imagery Encoding
Organizational Encoding
Encoding of Survival-Related Information
Storage: Maintaining Memories Over Time
Sensory Storage
Short-Term Storage and Working Memory
Long-Term Storage
HOT SCIENCE: Sleep on It
Memories, Neurons, and Synapses
Retrieval: Bringing Memories to Mind
Retrieval Cues: Reinstating the Past
Consequences of Retrieval
Separating the Components of Retrieval
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Childhood Amnesia in Western and Eastern Cultures
Forms of Long-Term Memory: More Than One Kind
Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory: Semantic and Episodic
Collaborative Memory: Social Influences on Remembering
THE REAL WORLD: Is Google Hurting Our Memories?
Memory Failures: The Seven “Sins” of Memory
1. Transience
2. Absentmindedness
3. Blocking
4. Memory Misattribution
OTHER VOICES: Memories Inside Out
5. Suggestibility
6. Bias
7. Persistence
Are the Seven “Sins” Vices or Virtues?
Chapter Review
7 Learning
What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning: One Thing Leads to Another
The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
THE REAL WORLD: Understanding Drug Overdoses
Conditioned Emotional Responses: The Case of Little Albert
A Deeper Understanding of Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcements from the Environment
The Development of Operant Conditioning: The Law of Effect
B. F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment
The Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
A Deeper Understanding of Operant Conditioning
HOT SCIENCE: Dopamine and Reward Learning in Parkinson’s Disease
Observational Learning: Look at Me
Observational Learning in Humans
Observational Learning in Animals
Neural Elements of Observational Learning
Implicit Learning: Under the Radar
Cognitive Approaches to Implicit Learning
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Implicit Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Implicit and Explicit Learning Use Distinct Neural Pathways
Learning in the Classroom
Techniques for Learning
OTHER VOICES: Learning at Jiffy Lube University
Testing Aids Attention
Control of Learning
Chapter Review
8 Emotion and Motivation
Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine
What Is Emotion?
The Emotional Body
The Emotional Brain
The Regulation of Emotion
Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds
Communicative Expression
Deceptive Expression
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Say Cheese
OTHER VOICES: I Used to Get Invited to Poker Games . . .
Motivation: Being Moved
The Function of Emotion
Instincts and Drives
Wanting: The Body’s Desires
Hunger
Eating Disorders
THE REAL WORLD: A Feast for the Eyes
HOT SCIENCE: The Nutritionist Behind Your Eyes
Sexual Desire
Sexual Activity
Wanting: The Mind’s Desires
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic
Conscious versus Unconscious
Approach versus Avoidance
Chapter Review
9 Language and Thought
Language and Communication: From Rules to Meaning
The Complex Structure of Human Language
Language Development
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Exploring the 30-Million-Word Gap
Theories of Language Development
Language Development and the Brain
Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area of the Brain
Involvement of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere
Bilingualism and the Brain
Can Other Species Learn Human Language?
OTHER VOICES: Just Say ‘Non’: The Problem with French Immersion
Language and Thought: How Are They Related?
Language and Colour Processing: Differing Results
Language and the Concept of Time: Results Imply a Link
Was Whorf “Half Right”?
Concepts and Categories: How We Think
Psychological Theories of Concepts and Categories
Concepts, Categories, and the Brain
Decision Making: Rational and Otherwise
The Rational Ideal
The Irrational Reality
Why Do We Make Decision-Making Errors?
Decision Making and the Brain
Problem Solving: Working It Out
Means–Ends Analysis
Analogical Problem Solving
Creativity and Insight
HOT SCIENCE: Creative Problem Solving: Insiders and Outsiders
Transforming Information: How We Reach Conclusions
THE REAL WORLD: From Zippers to Political Extremism: An Illusion of Understanding
Chapter Review
10 Intelligence
How Can Intelligence Be Measured?
The Intelligence Quotient
The Intelligence Test
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Equality in Smartland
What Is Intelligence?
A Hierarchy of Abilities
The Middle-Level Abilities
THE REAL WORLD: Look Smart
Where Does Intelligence Come From?
Nature: Genetic Influences on Intelligence
Nurture: Environmental Influences on Intelligence
The Nature–Nurture Distinction
HOT SCIENCE: Brains Wide Open
Who Is Most Intelligent?
Individual Differences in Intelligence
Group Differences in Intelligence
Improving Intelligence
OTHER VOICES: How Science Can Build a Better You
Chapter Review
11 Development
Prenatality: A Womb With a View
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Environment
Infancy and Childhood: Doing and Thinking
Perceptual Development
Motor Development
Cognitive Development
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: That’s the Dumbest Thing I Never Heard!
Infancy and Childhood: Caring and Belonging
Social Development
Moral Development
Adolescence: Minding the Gap
The Protraction of Adolescence
Sexuality
OTHER VOICES: What Time Leaves Behind
From Parents to Peers
THE REAL WORLD: Coming to Terms
Adulthood: Change We Can’t Believe In
Changing Abilities
HOT SCIENCE: I Won’t Make That Mistake Again!
Changing Goals
Changing Roles
Chapter Review
12 Personality
Personality: What It Is and How It Is Measured
Describing and Explaining Personality
Measuring Personality
The Trait Approach: Identifying Patterns of Behaviour
Traits as Behavioural Dispositions and Motives
The Search for Core Traits
Traits as Biological Building Blocks
HOT SCIENCE: Personality on the Surface
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Why Do Males and Females Have Different Personality Traits?
The Psychodynamic Approach: Forces That Lie Beneath Awareness
The Structure of the Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego
Psychosexual Stages and the Development of Personality
The Humanistic–Existential Approach: Personality as Choice
Human Needs and Self-Actualization
Personality as Existence
The Social–Cognitive Approach: Personalities in Situations
Consistency of Personality Across Situations
THE REAL WORLD: Does Your Personality Change Depending on Who You’re With?
Personal Constructs: The Key to the Perceiver’s Personality
Personal Goals and Expectancies Lead to a Characteristic Style of Behaviour
The Self: Personality in the Mirror
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
OTHER VOICES: Does the Study of Personality Lack . . . . Personality?
Chapter Review
13 Social Psychology
The Survival Game
Aggression
Cooperation
Altruism
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Do Me a Favour?
The Mating Game
Selectivity
THE REAL WORLD: Making the Move
Attraction
Relationships
Controlling Others
The Hedonic Motive
The Approval Motive
OTHER VOICES: Ninety-One Percent of All Students Read This Box and Love It
The Accuracy Motive
Understanding Others
Stereotyping: Drawing Inferences From Categories
Attribution: Drawing Inferences From Actions
HOT SCIENCE: Through Other Eyes
Chapter Review
14 Stress and Health
Sources of Stress: What Gets to You
Stressful Events
Chronic Stressors
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Can Discrimination Cause Stress and Illness?
Perceived Control Over Stressful Events
Stress Reactions: All Shook Up
Physical Reactions
HOT SCIENCE: Stress, Health, and Money
Psychological Reactions
Stress Management: Dealing With It
Mind Management
Body Management
Situation Management
The Psychology of Illness: Mind Over Matter
Psychological Effects of Illness
Recognizing Illness and Seeking Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders
THE REAL WORLD: This Is Your Brain on Placebos
On Being a Patient
Patient–Practitioner Interaction
The Psychology of Health: Feeling Good
Personality and Health
Health-Promoting Behaviours and Self-Regulation
OTHER VOICES: The Dangers of Overparenting
Chapter Review
15 Psychological Disorders
Defining Mental Disorders: What Is Abnormal?
Conceptualizing Mental Disorders
Classifying Disorders
Disorders Appear in All Cultures
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: The Impact of Culture on Mental Disorders
Causation of Disorders
A New Approach to Understanding Mental Disorders: RDoC
THE REAL WORLD: How Are Mental Disorders Defined and Diagnosed?
Dangers of Labelling
Anxiety Disorders: Excessive Fear, Anxiety, and Avoidance
Phobic Disorders
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Persistent Thoughts and Repetitive Behaviours
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Distress and Avoidance After a Trauma
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: Extreme Highs and Lows
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: Losing the Grasp on Reality
OTHER VOICES: Successful and Schizophrenic
Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia
Biological Factors
Social/Psychological Factors
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Autism Spectrum Disorder
HOT SCIENCE: Optimal Outcome in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Personality Disorders: Extreme Traits and Characteristics
Types of Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Self-Harm Behaviours: Intentionally Injuring Oneself
Suicidal Behaviour
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Chapter Review
16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Treatment: Getting Help to Those Who Need It
Why Many People Fail to Seek Treatment
THE REAL WORLD: Types of Psychotherapists
Approaches to Treatment
Psychological Treatments: Healing the Mind Through Interaction
Psychodynamic Therapy
Humanistic and Existential Therapies
Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies
Group Treatments: Healing Multiple Minds at the Same Time
HOT SCIENCE: “Rebooting” Psychological Treatment
Biological Treatments: Healing the Mind by Physically Altering the Brain
Antipsychotic Medications
THE REAL WORLD: Treating Severe Mental Disorders
Antianxiety Medications
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers
A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE: Differences in People’s Responses to Treatment
Herbal and Natural Products
Combining Medication and Psychotherapy
OTHER VOICES: Diagnosis: Human
Biological Treatments Beyond Medication
Treatment Effectiveness: For Better or for Worse
Treatment Illusions
Treatment Studies: Seeking Evidence
Which Treatments Work According to the Evidence?
Chapter Review
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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