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Index
Science Primers. INTRODUCTORY.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I. NATURE AND SCIENCE.
1. Sensations and Things.
2. Causes and Effects.
3. The reason Why. Explanation.
4. Properties and Powers.
5. Artificial and Natural Objects. Nature.
6. Artificial Things are only Natural Things shaped and brought together or separated by Men.
7. Many Objects and Chains of Causes and Effects in Nature are out of our reach.
8. The Order of Nature: nothing happens by Accident, and there is no such thing as Chance.
9. Laws of Nature; Laws are not Causes.
10. Knowledge of Nature is the Guide of Practical Conduct.
11. Science: the Knowledge of the Laws of Nature obtained by Observation, Experiment, and Reasoning.
II. MATERIAL OBJECTS.—A. MINERAL BODIES.
12. The Natural Object Water.
13. A Tumbler of Water.
14. Water occupies Space; it offers Resistance; it has Weight; and is able to transfer Motion which it has acquired; it is therefore a form of Matter.
15. Water is a liquid.
16. Water is almost incompressible.
17. The Meaning of Weight.
18. Gravity and Gravitation.
19. The cause of Weight: Attraction: Force.
20. The Weight of Water is Proportioned to its Bulk.
21. The Measuring of Weights. The Balance.
22. The Weight of the same Bulk or Volume of Water is Constant under the same conditions. Mass. Density.
23. Equal Volumes of Different Things under the same circumstances, have Different Weights: the Density of Different Bodies is Different.
24. The Meaning of Heavy and Light—Specific Gravity.
25. Things of greater Specific Gravity than Water sink in Water; Things of less Specific Gravity float.
26. A Body which Floats in Water always occupies as much Space beneath the level of the Surface of the Water as is equal to the Volume of Water which weighs as much as that Body; in other words, it displaces its own Weight of Water.
27. Water presses in all Directions.
28. The Transference of Motion by Moving Water: the Momentum of Moving Water.
29. The Energy of Moving Water.
30. The Properties of Water are Constant.
31. Increase of Heat at first causes Water to Increase in Volume.
32. Increase of Heat at length causes Water to become Steam.
33. The taking away of Heat from Steam causes the steam to change into Hot Water.
34. When Water is changed into Steam, its Volume becomes about 1,700 times greater that it was at first.
35. Gases or Elastic Fluids. Air.
36. Steam is an Elastic Fluid or Gas.
37. Gases and Vapours.
38. The Evaporation of Water at ordinary Temperatures.
39. When Hot Water is cooled, it Contracts to begin with, but after a time Expands.
40. Water cooled still further becomes the transparent brittle solid Ice.
41. Ice has less Specific Gravity than the Water from which it was formed.
42. Hoar Frost is the Gaseous Water which exists in the Atmosphere, condensed and converted into Ice Crystals.
43. When Ice is warmed it begins to change back into Water as soon as the Temperature reaches 32°.
44. Ice the solid, Water the liquid, and Steam the gas, are three states of one natural object; the Condition of each State being a certain Amount of Heat.
45. The Phenomena of Heat are the Effects of a rapid Motion of the Particles of Matter.
46. The Structure of Water.
47. Suppositions or Hypotheses; their Uses and their Value.
48. The Hypothesis that Water is composed of Separate Particles (Molecules).
49. All Matter is probably made up either of Molecules or of Atoms.
50. Elementary Bodies are neither destroyed nor is their Quantity increased in Nature.
51. Simple Mixture.
52. Mixture followed by Increase of Density; Alcohol and Water.
53. Solution; Water Dissolves Salt.
54. Quicklime and Water: Plaster of Paris and Water: Combination.
55. Mineral bodies may take on definite shapes and grow, or increase in size, by the addition of like parts.
B. LIVING BODIES.
56. The Wheat Plant and the substances of which it is composed.
57. The Common Fowl and the Substances of which it is Composed.
58. Certain Constituents of the Body are very similar in the Wheat Plant and in the Fowl.
59. Proteid Substances are met with in Nature only in Animals and Plants; and Animals and Plants always contain Proteids.
60. What is meant by the word Living?
61. The Living Plant increases in size, by adding to the Substances which compose its Body, like Substances; these, however, are not derived from without, but are manufactured within the Body of the Plant from simpler Materials.
62. The Living Plant, after it has grown up, detaches part of its Substance, which has the Power of developing into a similar Plant, as a Seed.
63. The Living Animal increases in Size by adding to the Substances which compose its Body, like Substances; these, however, are chiefly derived directly from other Animals or from Plants.
64. The Living Animal, after it has grown up, detaches part of its Substance, which has the Power of growing into a similar Animal, as an Egg.
65. Living Bodies differ from Mineral Bodies in their Essential Composition, in the manner of their Growth, and in the fact that they are reproduced by Germs.
III. IMMATERIAL OBJECTS.
66. Mental Phenomena.
67. The order of Mental Phenomena: Psychology.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
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