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Index
Cover Page Significant Dates and Events in the History of Clinical Psychology Introduction to Clinical Psychology Preface Section I Basic Concepts
1 What Is Clinical Psychology?
Chapter Preview A Clinical Case An Overview of Clinical Psychology
Section Preview Definition of Clinical Psychology Personal Requirements to Be a Clinical Psychologist Legal, Educational, and Ethical Requirements to Be a Clinical Psychologist
Education Experience Testing of Competence Good Character
Popularity of Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology and the Related Mental Health Professions
Counseling Psychology School Psychology Social Work Psychiatry Other Specialties Related to Clinical Psychology
Section Summary
Clinical Psychologists at Work
Section Preview Activities of Clinical Psychologists
Assessment Treatment Research Teaching Consultation Administration
Employment Settings of Clinical Psychologists Salaries of Clinical Psychologists Diversity Among Clinical Psychologists Diversity Among Clients
Section Summary
Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century
Section Preview Science and Practice
Evidence-Based Practice Clinical Psychology Training
Eclecticism and Integration The Health Care Environment
Mental Health Parity Managed Care Prescription Privileges for Clinical Psychologists Models of Treatment Delivery
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions References
2 Clinical Psychology’s Past and Present
Chapter Preview The Roots of Clinical Psychology
Section Preview The Empirical Tradition The Psychometric Tradition The Clinical Tradition
Section Summary
Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow
Section Preview Psychological Testing Expands Clinicians Pursue Roles as Psychotherapists Clinicians Form Professional Organizations
Section Summary
The Major Approaches Develop
Section Preview The Psychodynamic Approach The Humanistic Approach The Behavioral Approach The Cognitive Approach The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Group, Family, Marital, Couples, and Systems Approaches Biological Influences on Clinical Psychology Comparing Approaches: An Illustrative Case
Section Summary
The Pros and Cons of Taking a Specific Approach
Section Preview Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
Section II Assessment
3 Basic Features of Clinical Assessment
Chapter Preview A Clinical Case An Outline of the Assessment Process
Section Preview Receiving and Clarifying the Referral Question Planning Data Collection Procedures Collecting Assessment Data
The Value of Multiple Assessment Sources
Processing Data and Forming Conclusions Communicating Assessment Results
Section Summary
The Goals of Clinical Assessment
Section Preview Diagnostic Classification
A Brief History of the DSM The DSM-5 Criticisms and Alternative Diagnostic Proposals
Description Treatment Planning and Treatment Assessment Prediction
Prognosis Predicting Future Performance Predicting Dangerousness
Section Summary
Clinical Judgment and Decision Making
Section Preview Clinical Intuition
Clinical and Statistical Prediction
Improving Clinical Judgment
Section Summary
Psychometric Properties of Assessment Instruments
Section Preview Reliability Validity Standardization Bandwidth–Fidelity Issues
Other Factors Affecting Assessment Choices
Section Preview Clinicians’ Experience and Theoretical Orientation Humanistically Oriented Assessment The Assessment Context Cultural Factors Core Competencies in Clinical Psychology Assessment
Section Summary
Communicating Assessment Results
Section Preview Report Clarity Relevance to Goals Usefulness of Reports
Section Summary
Ethical Considerations in Assessment
Section Preview
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
4 Interviewing and Observation in Clinical Psychology
Chapter Preview Clinical Interview Situations
Section Preview Intake Interviews Problem-Referral Interviews Orientation Interviews Debriefing and Termination Interviews Crisis Interviews Ethnic and Cultural Issues in the Clinical Interview
Underutilization of Mental Health Care Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence
Section Summary
Interview Structure
Section Preview Nondirective Interviews Semistructured Interviews Structured Interviews Advantages and Disadvantages of Structured Interviews
Section Summary
Stages in the Interview
Section Preview Stage 1: Beginning the Interview
The Setting The Opening Frame Setting and Transition
Stage 2: The Middle of the Interview
Nondirective Techniques
Example A Example B
Directive Techniques Nonverbal Communication Combining Interview Tactics
Stage 3: Closing the Interview
Section Summary
Research on the Interview
Section Preview Communication and Miscommunication in the Interview Reliability and Validity of Interview Data
Reliability Validity
Section Summary
Observational Assessment: Goals and Benefits
Section Preview Goals of Observational Assessment
Supplementing Self-Reports Highlighting Situational Determinants of Behavior Enhancing Ecological Validity
Limitations of Observational Assessment
Section Summary
Observational Assessment: Approaches
Section Preview Naturalistic Observation
Observation by Participant Observers Self-Observation Unobtrusive and Corroborating Measures
Controlled Observation
Performance Measures Role Playing Tests Physiological Measures Virtual Reality Assessment Behavioral Avoidance Tests
Section Summary
Research on Observational Assessment
Section Preview Defining Observational Targets Representativeness of Observed Behavior Reliability of Observational Assessment Validity of Observational Assessment
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
5 Testing in Clinical Psychology
Chapter Preview Basic Concepts in Psychological Testing
Section Preview What Is a Test? What Do Tests Measure? How Are Tests Constructed?
Standardization and Score Interpretation
Avoiding Distortion in Test Scores
Cultural fairness and bias in psychological tests
Section Summary
Tests of intellectual functioning
Section Preview Theories of Intelligence
General Intelligence Multiple Specific Intelligences Models Hierarchical and Factor Analytic Models
The Binet Scales The Wechsler Scales
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) Clinical Interpretation of Intelligence Test Scores
Other Intelligence Tests Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Section Summary
Tests of Attitudes, Interests, Preferences, and Values Tests of Psychopathology and Personality
Section Preview Objective Tests of Psychopathology
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Personality Assessment Inventory Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) Tests Measuring Specific Aspects of Psychopathology
Objective Tests of Personality
The NEO Personality Inventories California Psychological Inventory Other Objective Personality Tests
Projective Personality Tests
The Rorschach Inkblot Test The Thematic Apperception Test Other Projective Tests Reliability and Validity of Projective Tests
Section Summary
The Current Status of Psychological Testing
Section Preview Validity of Psychological Testing Versus Medical Testing Clinical Utility and Evidence-Based Assessment
The Future of Psychological Testing
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
Section III Clinical Interventions
6 Basic Features of Clinical Interventions
Chapter Preview Overview of Clinical Interventions
Section Preview What Is Psychotherapy?
Public (Mis)perception of Psychotherapy
How Many Psychotherapy Approaches Are There?
Section Summary
The Participants in Psychotherapy
Section Preview The Client
Client Problems and Treatment Utilization Client Variables and Treatment Outcomes
The Therapist
Traits and Skills of Effective Therapists Therapists’ Training and Experiences Challenges of Therapeutic Work
The Therapeutic Alliance
Views of the Therapeutic Alliance Research on the Therapeutic Alliance Promoting the Therapeutic Alliance
The Settings for Psychotherapy
Outpatient Settings Inpatient Settings
Section Summary
The Goals of Clinical Interventions
Section Preview Reducing Emotional Discomfort Fostering Insight Providing New Information (Education) Assigning Extratherapy Tasks (Homework) Developing Faith, Hope, and Expectations for Change
Section Summary
Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions
Section Preview The APA Ethics Code Ethics and the Therapist’s Values
Section Summary
Some Practical Aspects of Clinical Intervention
Section Preview Treatment Duration and Fees Record Keeping Case Formulation and Treatment Planning
Three Approaches to Treatment Planning
Case Example
Therapist Objectivity and Self-Disclosure Termination Two Broad Trends in Clinical Intervention
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
7 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Psychotherapies
Chapter Preview Psychoanalysis
Section Preview Theoretical Foundations
Freud’s Personality Theory and View of Psychopathology Defense Mechanisms Transference and Countertransference Psychic Determinism Resistance Interpretation, Working Through, and Insight
Goals of Psychoanalysis
Case Example
Clinical Applications
History and Case Formulation Free Association The Role of the Therapist Analysis of Everyday Behavior Analysis of Dreams Analysis of Transference Analysis of Resistance Making Analytic Interpretations
Section Summary
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Section Preview Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy Early Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis Ego Psychology Object Relations and Self-Psychology Relational Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Common Features and Key Variations in Psychodynamic Therapies
The Supportive-Expressive Dimension
The Current Status of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Section Summary
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Section Preview Person-Centered Therapy
Rogers’S Personality Theory and View of Psychopathology The Self and Conditions of Worth Incongruence
The Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
Unconditional Positive Regard Empathy Congruence The Nature of Change in Person-Centered Therapy
Case Example
Case Formulation The Role of the Therapist
Section Summary
Other Humanistic Approaches
Section Preview Gestalt Therapy
Focus on the Here and Now Role Playing Use of Nonverbal Cues Frustrating the Client
Existential and Other Humanistic Approaches
Existential Psychotherapies Motivational Interviewing and Emotion-Focused Therapy
The Current Status of Humanistic Psychotherapy
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
8 Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavior Psychotherapies
Chapter Preview Behavior Therapy
Section Preview Theoretical Foundations
Assessment in Behavior Therapy The Role of the Therapist
The Goals of Behavior Therapy Clinical Applications
Relaxation Training Systematic Desensitization Exposure and Response Prevention Techniques Virtual Reality and Online Exposure Social Skills Training Modeling Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Rehearsal Aversion Therapy and Punishment
Case Example Section Summary
Cognitive Therapy
Section Preview Theoretical Foundations
Cognitive Mediation Realism Schemas The Role of Automatic Thoughts Assessment in Cognitive Therapy The Role of the Therapist
The Goals of Cognitive Therapy Clinical Applications
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Psychoeducation Socratic Questioning and Guided Discovery Challenging and Replacing Maladaptive Thoughts Decatastrophizing Thought Recording and Multicolumn Records
Section Summary
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Section Preview Theoretical Foundations Clinical Applications
Relapse Prevention Dialectical Behavior Therapy
A Case Example Section Summary
The Current Status of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
9 Other Modes of Clinical Intervention
Chapter Preview Group Therapy
Section Preview Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy The Practice of Group Therapy A Case Example of Group Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy
Section Summary
Couples and Family Therapy
Section Preview Diagnosis in Couples and Family Therapy Couples Therapy Family Therapy The Social Contexts of Couples and Family Therapy
Section Summary
Community Psychology
Section Preview What Is Community Psychology? A Brief History of Community Psychology Principles and Methods of Community Psychology
Section Summary
Prevention
Section Preview
Self-Help
Section Preview Section Summary
Other Approaches
Section Preview Complementary/Alternative Medicine Spirituality Mindfulness and Acceptance
Section Summary
Technological Innovations Influencing Psychological Treatment
Section Preview Problems Caused by Technology Technology as a Treatment Tool
Section Summary
Psychotherapy Integration
Section Preview
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
10 Research on Clinical Intervention
Chapter Preview A Clinical Case Studying Individual Psychological Treatments
Section Preview Basic Designs of Outcome Research on Psychological Treatments: Past and Present
Within-Subjects Research Designs Between-Subjects Research Designs Randomized Clinical Trials
Results of Outcome Research on Psychological Treatments: Past and Present
Box Score Reviews Meta-Analytic Studies Client Satisfaction Surveys Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs) and Evidence-Based Treatments Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
Research on Common or Nonspecific Factors in Therapy
Therapist Variables Client Variables Relationship Variables
Section Summary
Studying Other Modes of Intervention
Section Preview Findings on Group Therapy Findings on Couples Therapy Findings on Family Therapy Findings on Preventive Interventions Findings on Self-Help Resources and Self-Help Groups Findings on the Combination of Psychotherapy and Medication
Section Summary
Issues and Concerns About Research on Therapy
Section Preview Internal and External Validity Concerns and Compromises in Therapy Research
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
Section IV Some Clinical Specialties
11 Clinical Child Psychology
Chapter Preview A Brief History of Clinical Child Psychology
Section Preview Section Summary
Characteristics Unique to Clinical Child Psychology
Section Preview Referral Processes Confidentiality Contexts of Behavior Developmental Considerations Parent–Child Interaction Patterns Risk Factors
Temperament Interparental Conflict Physical Abuse Sexual Abuse Poverty
Protective Factors
Section Summary
Clinical Assessment of Children
Section Preview Behavior Rating Scales Clinical Interviews Intelligence and Achievement Tests Projective Tests Behavioral Observations Family Interaction Measures
Section Summary
Specific Childhood Disorders
Section Preview Classification of Childhood Disorders Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Anxiety Disorders Autistic Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Health Problems A Clinical Case
Section Summary
Treatment and Prevention of Childhood Disorders
Section Preview Psychological Treatments for Disorders in Children and Adolescents Pharmacological Interventions The Therapeutic Alliance in Child Therapy Prevention of Childhood Disorders
Section Summary
The Future of Clinical Child Psychology
Section Preview Diversity and Multiculturalism Access to Care Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice Technology and Youth Mental Health
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
12 Health Psychology
Chapter Preview What is Health Psychology?
Section Preview Stress, Coping, and Health Stress and the Nervous System Stress and the Immune System Developmental Aspects of Exposure to Stressors Measuring Stressors Adaptive Coping Strategies Stress-Hardy Personality Characteristics Social Support
Section Summary
Risk Factors for Illness
Section Preview Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
The Role of Stressors Psychological Factors in CVD
Risk Factors for HIV/AIDS
Section Summary
Illness Prevention and Treatment Programs
Section Preview Cardiovascular Diseases Pain Cancer HIV/AIDS
Section Summary
A Health Psychology Case Example Improving Adherence to Medical Treatment Regimens
Section Preview Causes of Nonadherence Interventions to Improve Adherence
Education Modifications of Treatment Plans Behavior Modification
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
13 Clinical Neuropsychology
Chapter Preview A Brief History of Neuropsychology
Section Preview Early Influences Development of Neuropsychological Assessment Techniques Split-Brain Research Research on Normal Brains
Section Summary
Basic Principles of Neuropsychology
Section Preview Localization of Function Modularity Levels of Interaction Lateralization of Function
Specialization of the Left Hemisphere Specialization of the Right Hemisphere
Section Summary
Patterns of Neuropsychological Dysfunction
Section Preview Occipital Lobe Dysfunction Parietal Lobe Dysfunction Temporal Lobe Dysfunction Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
Section Summary
Neuropsychological Assessment
Section Preview Neuropsychological Test Batteries Individualized Approaches to Neuropsychological Testing
Section Summary
Neuropsychological Approaches to Psychopathology
Section Preview Depression Schizophrenia Learning Disorders Nonverbal Learning Disorders
Section Summary
The Current Status of Clinical Neuropsychology Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
14 Forensic Psychology
Chapter Preview The Scope of Forensic Psychology
Section Preview Section Summary
Criminal Competence and Responsibility
Section Preview Criminal Competence Assessing Competence The Insanity Defense
Misperceptions of the Insanity Defense Do NGRI Acquittees Get Away with Murder? The Role of Expert Witnesses in the Insanity Defense
Reforming the Insanity Defense
Guilty but Mentally Ill and Diminished Capacity Defenses
Assessing Sanity
Section Summary
Predicting Dangerousness Assessing Psychological Status in Civil Trials
Section Preview Assessing Psychological Damage in Tort Cases Workers’ Compensation Cases Civil Competencies
Section Summary
Psychological Autopsies and Criminal Profiling
Section Preview Psychological Autopsies Criminal Profiling
Section Summary
Child Custody and Parental Fitness
Section Preview Child Custody Disputes Custody Mediation Termination of Parental Rights
Section Summary
Mental Health Experts in the Legal System
Section Preview Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
Section V The Future of Clinical Psychology
15 Professional Issues in Clinical Psychology
Chapter Preview Professional Training
Section Preview The Boulder Conference The Vail Conference
A Case Study of a Scientist–Practitioner in Action
The Salt Lake City Conference Clinical Psychology Training Today Professional Schools and the Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Degree Training Models within Clinical Psychology Evaluating Clinical Psychology Training The Internship Crisis
Section Summary
Professional Regulation
Section Preview Certification and Licensure ABPP Certification
Section Summary
Professional Ethics
Section Preview Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association Implementation of Ethical Standards Dealing with Ethical Violations Other Ethical Standards Regulation through State Laws
Duty to Warn
Regulation through Malpractice Litigation
Section Summary
Professional Independence
Section Preview The Economics of Mental Health Care Independent Practice and the Future of the Profession Prescription Privileges
Section Summary
Professional Multicultural Competence
Section Preview A Case Study of Culturally Competent Therapy Section Summary
The Future of Clinical Psychology
Section Preview Training Positive Psychology Technology Dissemination Interdisciplinary Science and Practice Outreach to the National and International Communities A Final Word
Section Summary
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
16 Getting into Graduate School in Clinical Psychology
Chapter Preview What Types of Graduate Programs Will Help Me Meet My Career Goals?
Research versus Clinical Emphasis? MA, PhD, or PsyD?
Am I Ready to Make the Commitment Required by Graduate Programs at this time in My Life?
Time Commitments Financial Commitments Academic and Emotional Commitments
Are my Credentials Strong enough for Graduate School in Clinical Psychology?
Undergraduate Coursework and Experience
Coursework Research Experience Clinical Experience Extracurricular Activities
Graduate Record Exam (GRE) Scores Grade Point Average Letters of Recommendation
Given My Credentials, to what type of Program can I Realistically Aspire? I have decided to apply to Graduate School in Clinical Psychology. what should i do first? Should I Apply to a Master’s Degree Program and complete it before i apply to a Doctoral Program? If I choose to terminate my training after earning a master’s degree, will my opportunities for doing clinical work be limited? Application Procedures
How Do I Get Information about Graduate Schools and Identify “Good” Graduate Programs? What Does It Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA)? What Does it Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS)? When Should I Apply, and What Kind of Timeline Should I Expect? To How Many Programs Should I Apply? How Much Will It Cost to Apply? What Testing Is Involved in Applying to Graduate School?
What is the gre? Should I Study for the GRE?
How Important Is My Grade Point Average? Will I Need Letters of Recommendation? If So, How Many and from Whom? What Should I Know about Asking for Letters of Recommendation? Will I Be Able to See My Letters of Recommendation? What Should I Write about in My Personal Statement? Are Personal Interviews Required? How Do I Prepare for an Onsite Interview? What Kind of Financial Aid Is Available for Graduate Study?
Are There Assistantships Available from Departments Other Than the One to Which I Have Applied?
Other Important Questions
Are There Any Last-Minute Things I Need to Do When Applying? When I Am Admitted to a Program, How Long Will I Have to Make a Decision about Whether to Accept? Will I Be Successful in Gaining Admission?
Chapter Summary
Study Questions Web Sites References
References Name Index Subject Index
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