Fortress Commentary on the Bible by Coomber, Matthew J.M. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Contributors Abbreviations

General Books of the Bible (NT, OT, Apocrypha)

Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Apocrypha New Testament

Journals, Series, Reference Works Ancient Authors and Texts

Mishnah, Talmud, Targum Dead Sea Scrolls Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

Introduction

Inside the Commentary Fortress Commentary on the Old Testament Fortress Commentary on the New Testament

The Old Testament and Apocrypha

Reading the Old Testament in Ancient and Contemporary Contexts (Matthew J. M. Coomber)

A Few Considerations on Receiving Ancient Texts with Modern Minds

Challenge of Finding an Ancient or Modern Context Differing Expectations and Intents of Ancient and Modern Histories Projecting Modern Contexts onto the Ancient Past Bringing One’s Ideology to the Text Differing Views on the Old Testament’s History

Reading the Old Testament in Its Ancient Context

Physical Environments of the Old Testament

Regions of Ancient Israel Climatic Challenges

Sociopolitical Contexts of the Old Testament

Israel’s Domestic Sociopolitical Contexts Israel’s Foreign Sociopolitical Contexts

Religious Contexts of the Old Testament

Monotheism and Henotheism Elohim YHWH El The Divine Council

Concluding Words on the Complexities of the Ancient Context

Reading the Old Testament in Its Contemporary Contexts

The Challenge of Bringing Ancient Context in Line with Modern Contexts Whose Bible Is It, Anyway? Evolving Views of the Old Testament and Its Interpretation

Biblical Literalism Historical Criticism Social-Scientific Criticism

Contextual and Reception Readings and Criticisms

Empire Gender

Conclusion Works Cited

The People of God and the Peoples of the Earth (Hugh R. Page Jr.)

The Bible Is Just the Beginning The Earth and Its Peoples—A View from the Ethnographic Record Ancient near Eastern Lore and Conceptions of Personhood The Hebrew Bible, Personhood, and Identity Looking beyond the Bible Works Cited

Reading the Christian Old Testament in the Contemporary World (Daniel L. Smith-Christopher)

Marketplaces vs. Museums The Christian Old Testament as a Product of Dialogue Tourism vs. Engagement: Ignoring the Marketplace? The Role of Historical Events in the Old Testament for Christian Faith and Practice Interest-Free Biblical Analysis? Is There a “Collapse of History” in Christian Old Testament Study? Contemporary Worlds in Dialogue

Text and Experience: The Feminist Pioneering of New Questions Cultural Identities and Social Situations in the Marketplace The Rise of Postcolonial Biblical Analysis

Issues Driving Contemporary Biblical Analysis

War, Peace, and Violence and the Old Testament Environmentalism The Nature of the Person: The Rise of Evolutionary Social Science and Philosophy

Return to the Beginning: Does the Marketplace Matter? Are There Any Real People There? Works Cited

Themes and Perspectives in Torah: Creation, Kinship, and Covenant (Sarah Shectman)

Part 1: Perspectives on Reading the Torah

What Is the Torah? Who Wrote the Torah?

Part 2: Themes in the Torah

Creation Kinship Covenant

Works Cited Genesis (Rodney S. Sadler Jr.)

Introduction Genesis 1–11: The Founding of a World: The Genealogical Journey from Adam to Abram

Genesis 1–2: Providence Introduced: God’s Creation of the World

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Genesis 3–5: Providence Thwarted: Fractures of the Initial Family

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Genesis 6:1–11:32: Providence Restored: Flood and New Creation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Genesis 12–50: The Founding of a Family: The Circuitous Journey from Haran to Egypt

Genesis 12:1–25:18: Providence Heeded: Abram/Abraham the Faithful’s Cycle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Genesis 25:19–37:1: Providence Manipulated: Jacob/Israel the Trickster’s Cycle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Genesis 37:2–36: Providence Manifest: Joseph/Zaphenath-Paneah and the Redemption Novella

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Exodus (Thomas B. Dozeman)

Introduction

Name of the Book and Location in the Canon Authorship, Date, and Literary History Historical Context Structure and Contents Reception History

Exodus 1:1–2:25: Divine Promise and Human Oppression

Exodus 1:1–21: The Midwives and Civil Disobedience

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 1:22–2:25: Identity of Moses and Human Lament

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 3:1–7:7: The Commission of Moses

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 7:8–10:20: The Plagues

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 10:21–13:16: The Exodus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 13:17–15:21: Destruction of the Egyptian Army in the Red Sea

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 15:22–18:27: The Journey as a Rite of Passage

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 19:1–19: Revelation and Covenant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 19:20–20:20: The Decalogue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 20:21–23:33: The Book of the Covenant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 24:1–31:18: Sabbath and the Revelation of the Tabernacle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 32–33: The Golden Calf and the Mediation of Moses

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 34: Covenantal Renewal

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Exodus 35–40: Building the Tabernacle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Leviticus (Robert Kugler)

Introduction Leviticus 1–7

Leviticus 1:1–17; 6:8–13 (Heb., 6:1–6): A Manual for Sacrifice

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 2:1–16; 6:14–23 (Heb., 6:7–16): Grain Offerings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 3:1–17; 7:11–38: The Well-Being Offerings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 4:1–5:13; 6:24–30: The Purification Offerings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 5:14–6:7; 7:1–10: The Reparation Offerings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 8–10

Leviticus 8:1–9:24: Ordained and Set Apart

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 10:1–20: Aaron’s Sons, Nadab and Abihu

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 11–15

Leviticus 11:1–47: Clean and Unclean Animals and Foods

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 12:1–8: Purity and Childbirth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 13:1–14:57: Impurity through Skin Eruptions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 15:1–33: Discharge of Life Fluids

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 16:1–34: The Day of Atonement

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 17–26

Leviticus 17:1–16: Blood Is Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 18:1–20:27: Being Holy People

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 21:1–22:33: Priestly Holiness and Offerings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 23:1–44: Feasts and Sacred Observances

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 24:1–23: Temple Observances and Blasphemy Punishment

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 25:1–55: Sabbatical and Jubilee Years

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Leviticus 26:1–27:34: Blessing and Curse, Vow and Offering

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Numbers (Karl N. Jacobson)

Introduction Numbers 1:1–4:49; 26:1–65: The Numbering of Israel, Tribes, and Levites

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Numbers 5:1–9:23; 27:1–30:16: Women, Vows, Offerings, and Passover

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Numbers 10:1–21:35; 32:1–35:34: Complaint, Jealousy, and Restoration

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Numbers 22:1–24:25: The Balaam Cycle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Numbers 25:1–18; 31:1–34: War against Midian

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Deuteronomy (Harold V. Bennett)

Introduction Deuteronomy 1:6–4:43: Setting the Stage for the Covenant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 5:1–6:19: Faithfulness to YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 6:20–25: Passing on the Sacred Traditions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 7:1–26: Conquest and Election

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 8:1–9:6: Not on Your Own

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 9:7–10:22: Rebellion against YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 11:1–32: YHWH Delivers

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 12:1–32: Only One Place to Worship YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 13:1–18: Backsliding

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 14:1–21: Mourning Rites and the Diet of a Holy People

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 14:22–29: Tithes

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 15:1–18: Indebtedness and Slavery between Israelites

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 16:1–16: Major Cultic Celebrations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 16:18–17:20: Ethical Leadership

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 18:1–8: Payment of Priests

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 18:9–22: The Prophet like Moses

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 19:1–14: Manslaughter

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 19:15–21: Suspect Evidence in Tribunals

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 20:1–20: The Conduct of War

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 21:1–9: Unsolved Homicide

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 21:10–25:19: Laws on Marriage, Family, and Miscellaneous Subjects

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 26:1–19: Two Liturgies, One Site

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 27:1–28:68: Blessings and Cursings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 29:1–30:20: Moses Speaks

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deuteronomy 31:1–34:12: Concluding Matters

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Themes and Perspectives in the Historical Writings (Norman K. Gottwald)

Introduction Authorship and Date Clues to Reading the Historical Books Sources and Composition

Grand Design

Programmatic Texts Lists of Names Chronological Schemes Predictions/Commands and Their Fulfillment Book by Book

Book of Joshua Book of Judges Books of Samuel and Kings: The United Kingdom Book of Kings: The Two Kingdoms

Fact-Checking the Historical Books Three Zones of Political Economy

The Communitarian MP The Native Tributary MP The Imperial Tributary MP

The Historical Books over the Centuries Works Referenced Joshua (Pekka M. A. Pitkänen)

Introduction Joshua 1–5: Transitions and Memory

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joshua 6–9: Insiders and Outsiders

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joshua 10–12: Conquest and Genocide

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joshua 13–19: Settler-Colonial Advance

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joshua 20–22: YHWH’s People—Unity, Right Worship, Justice, and Provision for All

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joshua 23–24: Looking into the Future

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Judges (Victor H. Matthews)

Introduction Judges 1:1–3:6 Introductory Narrative

Post-Joshua Conquest Attempts (Judges 1:1–2:10)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Disobedience, the Judges Cycle, and Testing (Judges 2:11–3:6)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judges 3:7–16:31 Collected Tales

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion Othniel (Judges 3:7–11)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ehud (Judges 3:12–30) and Shamgar (Judges 3:31)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Deborah (Judges 4–5)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Gideon (Judges 6–8)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Abimelech (Judges 9) and the First Minor Judges Interlude (Judges 10:1–5)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jephthah (Judges 10:6–12:7) and the Second Minor Judges Interlude (Judges 12:8–15)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Samson (Judges 13–16)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judges 17–21 Anarchy (Tales without Judges)

Micah, the Levite, and the Migration of Dan (Judges 17–18)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Levite’s Concubine and Civil War (Judges 19–21)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Ruth (Gale A. Yee)

Introduction Ruth 1:1–22: To Moab and Back

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ruth 2:1–23: In the Fields by Day

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ruth 3:1–18: In the Fields at Night

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ruth 4:1–21: At the City Gate

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 and 2 Samuel (Hugh S. Pyper)

Introduction 1 Samuel 1–3: Samuel and the Promise to Eli

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 4–6: The Ark at Large

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 7–8: Samuel and His Sons: The Case for a King

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 9–13: Samuel and the Promise to Saul

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 14: Saul and His Son

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 15: Saul’s Broken Promise

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 16: Samuel and the Promise to David

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 17–20: David, Saul, and Jonathan: The Transfer of the Promise

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 20–23: Saul against David

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 24–26: Saul, Nabal, and David

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 27–28: Samuel and Saul’s Final Meeting

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Samuel 29–31: Saul and Jonathan United in Death

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 1: The Amalekite Deception: A Pattern Set

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 2: David at Hebron

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 3–5: David and Saul’s Successors

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 6: The Ark Contained

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 7: The Promise of Eternal Kingship

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 8–10: Building up Trouble

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 11–12: Bathsheba: David’s Plans and God’s Purposes

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 13–18: Absalom, the Beloved Enemy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 19–20: Coming Home to Roost

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Samuel 21–24: Rereading David

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1, 2 Kings (Gale A. Yee)

Introduction

Composition Sense Units Theological Framework

1 Kings 1:1–2:46: Solomon’s Succession to the Throne

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Kings 3:1–28: Solomon the “Wise” Man?

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Kings 4:1–11:42: Solomon’s Bureaucratic Rule

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Kings 12:1–16:34: The Divided Kingdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Kings 17:1–22:53: The Ministries of the Prophets Elijah and Micaiah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 1:1–8:29: The Ministry of the Prophet Elisha

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 9:1–12:21: The Rise of the House of Jehu and the Demise of the House of Omri

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 13:1–17:41: Events Leading to the Fall of Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 18:1–20:21: The Reign of Hezekiah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 21:1–23:30: The Reigns of Manasseh and Josiah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Kings 23:31–25:30: The Final Days of Judah and Its Kings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1, 2 Chronicles (Alejandro F. Botta)

Introduction

Authorship and Relationship with Ezra and Nehemiah Date Literary Characteristics Chronicles as Legitimate Historiography Sources

1 Chronicles 1:1–9:44: Genealogical Registry of Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Israel’s Ancestors (1:1–2:2) Judah’s Lineage (2:3–4:23) Descendants of Simeon (4:24–43) The Tribes of Transjordan: Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh (5:1–26) Descendants of Levi (6:1–81) Tribes of the Central Mountainous Region (7:1–40) Additional Descendants of Benjamin (8:1–40; 9:1a) The Postexilic Community (9:1b–44)

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Chronicles 10:1–12:40: Death of Saul and David’s Coronation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Chronicles 13:1–16:43: Transferring the Ark to Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Chronicles 17:1–21:30: David’s Kingdom Is Consolidated

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Chronicles 22:2–27:34: Preparation for Building the Temple

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Chronicles 28:1–29:30: Solomon’s Investiture

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 1:1–17: Wisdom and Wealth of Solomon

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 2:1–9:31: Construction, Dedication of the Temple, and Solomon’s Achievements

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 10:1–12:16: The Schism of the Kingdom and Reign of Rehoboam

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 13:1–16:14: Abijah, Son of Rehoboam, and Asa, Son of Abijah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 17:1–21:1: Jehoshaphat, Son of Asa

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 21:2–23:21: From Jehoram, Son of Jehoshaphat, to Athaliah, Mother of Ahaziah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 24:1–28:27: From Joash, Son of Ahaziah, to Ahaz, Son of Jotham

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 29:1–33:25: Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Amon

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Chronicles 34:1–36:23: Josiah and Last Kings of Judah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Ezra-Nehemiah (Katherine E. Southwood)

Introduction Ezra 1–6: The Return from Exile and Rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezra 7–8: The Figure of Ezra

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezra 9–10: Ethnic Exclusivity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nehemiah 1:1–2:8: News of Jerusalem and Permission to Rebuild from Artaxerxes

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nehemiah 2:9–7:3: Opposition to Rebuilding

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nehemiah 7:4–9:37: Ezra’s Reading of the Law and the Nation’s History

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nehemiah 10–13: Obligations for the Renewed Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Esther (Judy Fentress-Williams)

Introduction Esther 1:1–2:18: Esther Becomes Queen

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Esther 2:19–8:3: Mordecai and Haman

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Esther 8:4–10:3: The Revenge of the Jews

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Introduction to Wisdom and Worship: Themes and Perspectives in the Poetic Writings (Timothy J. Sandoval)

Introduction Biblical Poetry Biblical Wisdom Literature

Vocabulary Teaching Solomon International Influence, Universal Perspective Genre and Forms

Wisdom Morality: Virtues and Their Value

Wisdom’s Virtues Wisdom’s Desirability Wisdom’s Moral Rhetoric

Israel’s Worship: A Brief Overview

Sites of Worship Content of Worship Occasions of Worship Functionaries of Worship Objects of Worship

Worship and the Psalms Conclusion: The Wisdom and Worship of Scribes, Others, and Us Works Cited Job (Alissa Jones Nelson)

Introduction Job 1–2: Prologue—Calamity Befalls a Righteous Man

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 3: Job’s First Monologue—Curse and Lament

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 4–27: Dialogues—On Righteousness, Suffering, and Justice

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 28: Interlude—On Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 29–31: Job’s Final Monologue—Statement of Righteousness

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 32–37: Elihu’s Monologue—Theology of Retribution

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 38:1–42:6: Theophany—God Responds and Job Relents

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Job 42:7–17: Epilogue—A Righteous Man Restored

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Psalms (W. Derek Suderman)

Introduction

The Language and Genres of the Psalms “Voice(s)” in the Psalms David and the Psalms The “Ancient Context(s)” of the Psalms

Psalms 1–2: Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 3–8: Refuge in the Midst of Enemies

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 9–16: Confronting Hostile Speech

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 17–22: Zion Theology and the Davidic King

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 23–33: Trust in God’s Steadfast Love

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 34–41: Sickness, Enemies, and Land

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 42–49: The Voice of the Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 50–64: Lament and Confession

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 65–72: Communal Praise and Thanksgiving

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 73–83: Cries from a Context of Destruction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 84–89: From Joy in the Temple to Personal and Corporate Despair

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 90–100: YHWH Reigns

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 101–106: Praise to God and Social Warning

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 107–112: Imprecation and Assurance

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 113–119: Praise of the Cosmic God, Giver of Torah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 120–134: Pilgrimage “Songs of Ascent”

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 135–145: From Distress to Praise

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Psalms 146–150: Praise YHWH—Hallelujah!

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Proverbs (Carole R. Fontaine)

Introduction Proverbs 1:1–33: Wisdom Introduced

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Proverbs 1:1–7: A Course in Wisdom Proverbs 1:8–19: The Father’s Instruction Proverbs 1:20–33: Wisdom Calls

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition

Proverbs 1:1–7: Solomon, a Wise Sinner Proverbs 1:8–19: The Father’s Instruction Proverbs 1:20–33

The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 1:1–7 Proverbs 1:8–19 Proverbs 1:20–33

Proverbs 2:1–6:35: Instructions of the Sage Parent

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 7:1–9:18: A Triad of Females—Wisdom, Folly, and Strange Woman

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Proverbs 7:1–27: Warning against Woman Stranger Proverbs 8:1–36: The Cosmic Genealogy of Wisdom Proverbs 9:1–18: Invitations to Wise and Foolish Banquets

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition

Proverbs 7:1–27 Proverbs 8:1–36 Proverbs 9:1–18

The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 7:1–27 Proverbs 8:1–31 Proverbs 9:1–18

Proverbs 10–15: Antithetic Teachings Collection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 16:1–22:16: The Royal Collection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 22:17–24:22: The Egyptian Teachings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 24:23–34: More Sayings of the Wise

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 25:1–29:27: More Sayings of Solomon

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Proverbs 25:1–26:28 Proverbs 27–29

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 30:1–33: Teachings and Numerical Sayings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 31:1–9: A Mother’s Instruction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Proverbs 31:10–31: Acrostic on the Strong Woman

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Ecclesiastes (Micah D. Kiel)

Introduction Ecclesiastes 1:1–11: Philosophical Musings of a Teacher

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 1:12–2:26: Uselessness of Seeking Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 3:1–15: A Time for Everything, Yet Undesignated

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 3:16–4:8: Epistemological Nihilism

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 4:9–5:20: Contemplating the Oppressed

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 6:1–7:14: Who Knows What Is Good?

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 7:15–29: An Accounting of Everyday Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 8:1–9:18: Eat, Drink, and Be Merry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 10:1–11:6: A World Gone Awry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ecclesiastes 11:7–12:14: The End of All Things

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Song of Songs (Hugh R. Page Jr.)

1:1–3:11: Voices of Love and Nocturnal Visions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4:1–8:4: Awakening and Being Intoxicated by Love

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

8:6–14: Love Gives Voice to Life’s Greatest Paradox

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Themes and Perspectives in the Prophets: Truth, Tragedy, Trauma (Carol J. Dempsey)

Introduction Prophetic Writings in Their Ancient and Historical Contexts

Definitions and Canon Origins Ancient near Eastern Context

Israel’s Prophets: Their Diverse Roles as Seekers of Truth Ninth Century BCE: Elijah and Elisha Preexilic Predictions of Tragedy: From Amos to Jeremiah Exilic Promises of Comfort and Hope: From Ezekiel to Second Isaiah Postexilic Return, Restoration, and New Challenges: From Haggai to Jonah Literary Dimensions and Perspectives of the Prophetic Writings Major Themes in the Prophetic Writings

Covenant Justice Apostasy and Idolatry Worship True, False, and Corrupt Prophets Judgment and Suffering Law Repentance Divine Sovereignty, Creation, Hope Salvation God

Reception History and the Prophets

Perspectives from the Church Fathers Perspectives from the Rabbis

Interpreting the Prophets Anew: Contemporary Perspectives

Feminist and Liberationist Perspectives Ecological Perspectives Perspectives from Trauma and Disaster Studies: Encountering Jeremiah Prophetic Literature and Communications Studies

Conclusion Works Cited Isaiah 1–39 (Marvin A. Sweeney)

Introduction Isaiah 1: Prologue to the Book of Isaiah: YHWH’s Intention to Purify Zion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 2–4: YHWH’S Plan for Worldwide Sovereignty at Zion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 5–12 Isaiah 5: Announcement of Judgment against Israel and Judah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 6: Isaiah’s Commission Vision

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 7:1–8:15: YHWH’s Judgment against Judah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 8:16–12:6: Announcing the Fall of Assyria and Restoration of the House of David

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 13–27 Isaiah 13–14: The Pronouncement concerning Babylon

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 15–16: The Pronouncement concerning Moab

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 17–18: The Pronouncement concerning Damascus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 19–20: The Pronouncement against Egypt

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 21: Pronouncements concerning the Wilderness of the Sea, Dumah, and Arabia

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 22: The Pronouncement concerning the Valley of Vision

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 23: The Pronouncement against Tyre

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 24–27: YHWH’s New World Order: Salvation for Zion/Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 28–33: YHWH’s Plan for Jerusalem: Announcement of a New King

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 34–35: Prophetic Instruction concerning YHWH’s Return of Exiles to Zion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 36–39: Narratives concerning YHWH’s Deliverance of Jerusalem and Hezekiah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Isaiah 40–66 (Chris A. Franke)

Introduction Isaiah 40:1–31: Israel’s God Is Incomparable

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 41:1–44:8: The Nations and Their Gods Are Put on Trial/God Reassures Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 44:9–20: The Folly of Making and Worshiping Images of Deities

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 44:21–45:24: A Reminder to Israel—You Will Be Created and Freed by God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 46:1–13: Babylonian Street Scene—A Procession of Idols Carried on Beasts of Burden

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 47:1–15: The Fall of Virgin Daughter Babylon

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 48:1–22: God Warns Israel and Announces a New Exodus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 49:1–52:12: Daughter Zion, the Servant, and the Role of the Nations in Judah’s Future

Zion/Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

The Servant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 54:1–17: Zion Transformed from Barren Woman and Destroyed City to Mother of Many and Rebuilt City

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 55:1–13: God’s Word Is Reliable

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 56:1–59:21: Problems after the Return—Relationship between the Returnees and Those Who Remained in Judah

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 60:1–62:12: Restoration of Jerusalem and Its Inhabitants

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Isaiah 63:1–66:24: The People Lament God’s Unfulfilled Promises and Community Divisions Continue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Jeremiah (Kelly J. Murphy)

Introduction

Composition, Structure, Literary Elements Key Themes

Jeremiah 1:1–19: Introduction and Call Narrative

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2:1–4:4: Divine Pleas and Indictments

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 4:5–6:30; 8:4–10:25: The Foe from the North

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

7:1–15; 7:16–8:3; 26:1–24: The Temple Sermon and Related Material

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 11:1–17: The Broken Covenant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 11:18–20:18: Laments and Symbolic Actions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 21:1–23:40: The Fall of Jerusalem and the Question of Hope

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 24:1–25:38; 27:1–29:32: Prophets, Prophecies, Power, and Politics

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 30–33: The Book of Consolation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

34:1–36:32: Two Groups, Two Scrolls

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 37:1–45:5: The Baruch Account

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 46:1–51:64: Oracles against the Nations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jeremiah 52:1–34: Historical Appendix

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Lamentations (Wilma Ann Bailey)

Introduction Lamentations 1:1–5:22: We Have Known Grief

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Ezekiel (Corrine L. Carvalho)

Introduction Ezekiel 1–3: The Opening Vision

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 4–7: Oracles before God Leaves

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 8–11: God Leaves the City

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 12–13: True and False Prophets

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 14 and 18: Moral Responsibility

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 15, 17, and 19: Parables, Allegories, and Laments

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 16 and 23: City Leaders as God’s Wives

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 20: A History of Sin

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 21–22 and 24: The End Is Near

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 25–32 and 35: Oracles against Foreign Nations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 33: The Fall of Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 34 and 36: Hope for the Future

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 37: The Valley of the Dry Bones

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 38–39: God’s Role in Israel’s Future

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 40:1–44:4: Visions of the Temple

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ezekiel 44:5–48:35: The Blossoming of a World Made Right

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Daniel (Anathea Portier-Young)

Introduction Daniel 1:1–21: Wisdom in Captivity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 2:1–49: Dreaming and Speaking Empire’s End

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 3:1–30: Into the Furnace

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 4:1–37: Royal Madness

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 5:1–30: Writing on the Wall

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 6:1–28: The Lion’s Den

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 7:1–28: Beastly and Humane Rule

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 8:1–27: A Limit to Desolation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 9:1–27: Study, Fasting, and Prayer

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 10:1–21: Vision, Understanding, and Strength

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 11:1–45: War, Betrayal, and Persecution

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Daniel 12:1–13: The End of Days

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Hosea (Alice A. Keefe)

Introduction Hosea 1–3: YHWH’s Wife of Promiscuity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hosea 4:1–5:7: The Land Mourns

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hosea 5:8–10:15: They Shall Return to Egypt

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hosea 11–14: Divine Pathos and Human Repentance

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Joel (Ronald A. Simkins)

Introduction Joel 1:1–20: Locust Plague and Lamentation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joel 2:1–11: Invasion by the Army of YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joel 2:12–27: Appeal to and Response from YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Joel 2:28–3:21: The Coming Day of the Lord

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Amos (M. Daniel Carroll R.)

Introduction

Composition, Structure, Literary Elements Key Themes

Amos 1:1–2:16: Preface (1:1–2) and Oracles against the Nations (1:3–2:16)

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Amos 3:1–6:14: The Words of God and the Prophet

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Amos 7:1–9:15: Visions of Israel’s Future

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Obadiah (Joseph F. Scrivner)

Introduction Obadiah 1:1–21: Speaking Judgment and Restoration

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Jonah (Matthew J. M. Coomber)

Introduction Jonah 1:1–17: Rebellion against a Divine Command

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jonah 2:1–10: Submission in the Face of Divine Will

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Jonah 3:1–4:11: Struggling with the Consequences of Divine Mercy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Micah (Matthew J. M. Coomber)

Introduction Micah 1:1–3:12: Attacks against Political and Religious Abuses of Power

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Micah 4:1–5:15: Hope for a Restored Relationship with YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Micah 6:1–8: The Trial of the Accused

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Micah 6:9–7:7: Accusations and Verdicts against Corruption, Revisited

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Micah 7:8–20: Hope in a Restoration, Yet to Come

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Nahum (Wilhelm J. Wessels)

Introduction Nahum 1:1–15: YHWH and the Fate of Judah and Their Enemies

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nahum 2:1–13: The Downfall of Nineveh

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Nahum 3:1–19: Demise and Downfall of Nineveh

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Habakkuk (Hugh R. Page Jr.)

Introduction Habakkuk 1:1–2:1: An Impatient Seer Calls God to Task

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Habakkuk 2:2–20: The Divine Sovereign Responds—Words to Ponder

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Habakkuk 3:1–19: The Prophet Prays with Steely Resolve

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Zephaniah (Jin Hee Han)

Introduction Zephaniah 1:2–13: Doom and Destruction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zephaniah 1:14–18: The Day of YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zephaniah 2:1–3: Repentance and Protection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zephaniah 2:4–15: Against the Nations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zephaniah 3:1–13: The Remnant of Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zephaniah 3:14–20: The Jubilation of YHWH

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Haggai (J. Blake Couey)

Introduction Haggai 1:1–15: Rebuilding the Temple

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Haggai 2:1–9: Disappointment and Hope

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Haggai 2:10–19: Ritual Questions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Haggai 2:20–23: A Promise to Zerubbabel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Zechariah (Amy Erickson)

Introduction Zechariah 1:1–6: “Do Not Be like Your Ancestors”

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 1:7–2:13: Visions of God’s Return to Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 3:1–4:14: Visions of Leadership

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 5:1–6:15: Visions of Purification

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 7:1–8:23: A Homily Contrasting the past and the Present

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 9–11: War and Peace

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Zechariah 12–14: A Final Battle and a New Creation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Malachi (Richard J. Coggins and Jin Hee Han)

Introduction Malachi 1:1–5: God Loves Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Malachi 1:6–2:9: God’s Demand of Proper Worship

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Malachi 2:10–16: Fidelity in Marriage

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Malachi 2:17–3:18 God of Covenantal Faithfulness

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Malachi 4:1–6: The Day of Healing and Reconciliation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Introduction to the Apocrypha (Eileen M. Schuller)

Meaning and History of the Term Content of the Apocrypha Date and Genres of the Apocrypha Selected Themes in the Apocrypha The Use and Influence of the Apocrypha Works Cited Tobit (Micah D. Kiel)

Introduction

Historical Context Canonical and Theological Context

Tobit 1:1–3:17: Tobit and Sarah’s Predicaments

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Tobit 4:1–7:9: Wisdom Instruction, Disguised Angels, and Mettlesome Fish

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Tobit 7:10–10:13: Routing the Demon and Celebrating the Wedding

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Tobit 11:1–12:22: The Journey Home and Raphael’s Revelation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Tobit 13:1–14:15: The Future of Jerusalem, Tobit, Tobias, and Their Kin

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Judith (Corrine L. Carvalho)

Introduction Judith 1:1–4:15: Introducing the Enemy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 5:1–6:21: Achior the Ammonite

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 7:1–8:36: Attack and Response

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 9:1–10:10: Judith Going Out

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 10:11–12:9: Judith in the Enemy’s Camp

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 12:10–13:10: Judith in the Bedroom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Judith 13:11–16:25: Judith Triumphant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Esther (The Greek Additions) (Vivian Johnson)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Wisdom of Solomon (Emerson B. Powery)

Introduction Wisdom of Solomon 1:1–15: Seek Wisdom and Justice

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 1:16–2:24: The Ungodly Lack Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 3:1–19: Reward and Punishment after Death

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 4:1–20: Advantages of Godly Living

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 5:1–23: Reflections on the Final Judgment

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 6:1–21: Rulers Should Seek Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 6:22–8:1: A Treatise on Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 8:2–9:18: Solomon’s Desire and Prayer for Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 10:1–21: Wisdom Guides the Heroes of Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 11:1–12:2: The Role of Wisdom in Israel’s Exodus from Egypt

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 12:3–27: God’s Treatment of the Gentiles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 13:1–19: Gentiles and Idolatry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 14:1–31: The Origin of Idols

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 15:1–16:1: God’s Mercy toward Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 16:2–29: God Protects Israel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 17:1–21: The Ignorance of the Ungodly

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 18:1–25: God’s Deliverance from Egypt

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Wisdom of Solomon 19:1–22: God Defeats Israel’s Enemies

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Sirach (Stacy Davis)

Introduction

Historical/Cultural Context Literary Forms

Sirach 1:1–10:31 Prologue and the Beginning of Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 11:1–16:23: A Balanced Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 16:24–19:30: The Two Ways

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 20:1–22:26: The Importance of Proper Behavior

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 22:27–24:34: God Is Watching

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 25:1–29:28: Managing Social Relationships

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 30:1–42:14: Honor and Shame

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 42:15–50:29: Songs of Praise

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Sirach 51:1–30: The Sage’s Last Words

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Baruch (Karina Martin Hogan)

Introduction Baruch 1:1–14: Narrative Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Baruch 1:15–3:8: Penitential Prayer

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Baruch 3:9–4:4: Wisdom Poem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Baruch 4:5–5:9: Consolation Poem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

The Letter of Jeremiah (Patricia K. Tull)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context

6:1–7: Introductory Words 6:8–73: Ten Arguments against Idolatry

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Introduction to All Additions to Daniel (Lawrence M. Wills) Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men (Lawrence M. Wills)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Susanna (Nyasha Junior)

Introduction Verses 1–27: Susanna and the Two Elders

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Verses 28–64: Susanna’s Trial

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Bel and the Dragon (Lawrence M. Wills)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Maccabees (Michael S. Moore)

1 Maccabees 1:1–64: Alexander’s Aftermath

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Maccabees 2:1–9:22: The Maccabean Revolt

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Maccabees 9:23–12:53: Marginalizing Hebrew Religion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Maccabees 13:1–16:24: Reestablishing a Nation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

2 Maccabees (Michael S. Moore)

Introduction 2 Maccabees 1:1–2:32: An Invitation to Diaspora Jews

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Maccabees 3:1–7:42: Martyrs and Martyrdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Maccabees 8:1–15:39: Faith under Pressure

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Esdras (Daniel L. Smith-Christopher)

Introduction 1 Esdras 1:1–58: Passover and Temple Restoration

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 2:1–30: Cyrus and the Restoration

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 3:1–4:63: Speaking Truth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 5:1–46: The List of Returnees

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 5:47–73: Temple Building

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 6:1–34: Darius Commands the Temple’s Completion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 7:1–15: Passover and Purification

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 8:1–96: Under Persian Rule

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Esdras 9:1–55: Restoring the People

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Prayer of Manasseh (Christopher Frechette)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Psalm 151 (Christopher Frechette)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

3 Maccabees (Samuel I. Thomas)

Introduction 3 Maccabees 1:1–2:24: Historical Prologue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3 Maccabees 2:25–6:15: Ptolemy IV Philopator’s Persecution of the Jews

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3 Maccabees 6:16–7:23: Reversal, “Conversion,” Revenge, and Homecoming

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

2 Esdras (4, 5, and 6 Ezra) (Robin Darling Young)

Introduction 2 Esdras 3–14 (4 Ezra): An Apocalyptic and Prophetic Tapestry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Esdras 1–2; 15–16 (5–6 Ezra): Rethinking Israel’s Restoration

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

4 Maccabees (Samuel I. Thomas)

Introduction 4 Maccabees 1:1–3:18: Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4 Maccabees 3:19–7:23: Antiochus IV and the Martyrdom of Eleazar the Priest

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4 Maccabees 8:1–14:10: The Martyrdom of the Seven Brothers

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4 Maccabees 14:11–18:19: The Mother of the Seven

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4 Maccabees 18:20–24: Conclusion Works Cited

The New Testament

Reading the Christian New Testament in the Contemporary World (Kwok Pui-Lan)

The New Testament in Global Perspectives Reading the New Testament in Diverse Contexts Interpretation for Liberation Contemporary Approaches to the New Testament

Feminist Approaches Social-Scientific Approaches Racial and Ethnic Minority Approaches Postcolonial Approaches

Contemporary Issues

Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism Same-Sex Marriage A “New” New Testament

Conclusion Works Cited

Negotiating the Jewish Heritage of Early Christianity (Lawrence M. Wills)

The Continuing Demand for Comparison, despite the Complexity of the Data The Gospel of Mark as a Test Case Conclusion Works Cited

Rootlessness and Community in Contexts of Diaspora (Margaret Aymer)

(Re)Considering the History and Rhetoric of New Testament Writings New Testament Writings as Diaspora Spaces New Testament Migrant Strategies Migrant Writings as Twenty-First-Century Scriptures Works Cited

The Apocalyptic Legacy of Early Christianity (David A. Sánchez)

Introduction: The Problem of a Suppressed Legacy Apocalypticism Excavating Mark as Another Example of Christian Apocalyptic Domesticating Mark: Matthew and Luke-Acts Expanding the Apocalyptic Landscape: The Pauline Tradition The Book of Revelation and the Explicit Legacy of Christian Apocalypticism The Apocalyptic Legacy Today Epilogue Works Cited

Jesus and the Christian Gospels (Raymond Pickett)

Jesus in History and Interpretation The Hermeneutical Circle The Historical Figure of Jesus The Jesus Movement in Galilee Jesus and John the Baptist Jesus and the Renewal of Local Community Jesus as Prophet Journey to Jerusalem Followers of Jesus and the Development of the Gospel Tradition The Genre and Relationships of the Gospels Matthew and Luke as Interpreters of Mark The Gospel of John Concluding Summary Works Cited Matthew (Warren Carter)

Introduction

Narrative Pastoral Theology at Work Enemies and Verbal Violence

Part 1: God Commissions Jesus (Matthew 1:1–4:16)

Matthew 1:1–17: A Genealogy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 1:18–2:23: Jesus’ Conception, Commission, and Vulnerability

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 3:1–4:16: Witnessed to by John and the Scriptures, Tempted by the Devil

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Part 2: Jesus’ Public Ministry Begins (Matthew 4:17–11:1)

Matthew 4:17–5:48: God’s Empire Displayed in Jesus’ Actions and Teaching

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 6:1–7:29: Jesus Continues Teaching on the Mountain

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 8:1–9:38: God’s Empire Displayed in Jesus’ Actions

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 10:1–11:1: Mission Work for Disciples

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Part 3: Responses to Jesus’ Ministry (Matthew 11:2–16:20)

Matthew 11:2–12:50: Discerning and Responding to Jesus’ Mission and Identity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 13:1–58: Explaining Different Responses to Jesus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 14:1–36: God’s Empire at Work

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 15:1–16:20: Jesus’ Authority as God’s Agent

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Part 4: Jesus Will Be Crucified and Raised (Matthew 16:21–20:34)

Matthew 16:21–17:24: The Way of the Cross for Jesus and Disciples

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 18:1–35: A Community of Sustaining Relationships and Practices

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 19–20: Alternative Households Shaped by God’s Empire

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Part 5: Jesus in Jerusalem: Conflict and Death (Matthew 21–27)

Matthew 21: Conflict in Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 22: Conflict over Jesus’ Authority

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 23: Jesus Attacks the Scribes and Pharisees

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 24–25: Jesus Announces the Final and Full Establishment of God’s Empire

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Matthew 26–27: Jesus Is Crucified

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Part 6: God Thwarts Imperial Power and Raises Jesus (Matthew 28)

Matthew 28: Jesus’ Resurrection and the Commissioning of Disciples

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Mark (Raquel S. Lettsome)

Introduction Mark 1:1–13: The Beginning of the Good News

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 1:14–39: An Invitation to Follow

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 1:40–3:6: Following beyond the Boundaries

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 3:7–35: Following in Ministry: Expansion and Opposition

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 4:1–34: Parables of the Kingdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 4:35–6:6: Ministry and Rejection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 6:7–29: Ministry and Murder

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 7:1–23: Ministry and Tradition

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 7:24–8:26: Receptivity and Misunderstanding

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 8:27–10:52: Following on the Way

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 11:1–12:44: Following to Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 13:1–37: Following to the End

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 14:1–15:47: The Cost of Following

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Mark 16:1–8: Will You Follow?

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Luke (Robert L. Brawley)

Introduction Luke 1:1–4: Prologue: What and How

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 1:5–4:13: Setting and Preparation for Jesus’ Ministry

Luke 1:5–3:20: Divine Promises, Infancy Narratives, Global and Local Settings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 3:21–4:13: Unfolding Jesus’ Identity and Endowment with the Spirit

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 4:14–21:38: Proclamation and Extension of God’s Commonwealth

Luke 4:14–41: Hopes and Manifestations of Jesus’ Mission

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 4:42–5:11: Initial Extensions of Jesus’ Mission

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 5:12–6:11: Faith and Restorations in Contexts of Oppression

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 6:12–49: Life in God’s Commonwealth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 7:1–50: Deeds that Substantiate Jesus’ Identity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 8:1–56: Seed and Soil, Discipleship and Kinship

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 9: Disciples and Mission, Triumphs and Disappointments

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 10: Manifesting God’s Commonwealth in Contexts of Oppression

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 11:1–13:9: Praying and Acting, Fairness and Injustice

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 13:10–35: Restoration and Inclusion in God’s Commonwealth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 14: Changing Social Relationships

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 15: Advocating Inclusion in God’s Commonwealth against Resistance

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 16: Children of Mammon and Children of God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 17:1–18:8: Scandals and Faith(Fulness) Less than a Mustard Seed

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 18:9–34: Inclusion in and Exclusion from God’s Commonwealth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 18:35–19:27: The Commonwealth Jesus Brings and Ruling Systems

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 19:28–20:44: Ruling Systems in Jerusalem and the Things that Make for Peace

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 20:45–21:38: The Demise of Injustice and God’s Commonwealth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 22:1–23:56: The Greatest Who Serves and the Power of Violence

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Luke 24: Resurrection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

John (Adele Reinhartz)

Introduction

The Book The Hero The Story The Message The Purpose and Audience The Commentary

John 1:1–18: The Prologue

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Poetic Style Wisdom Imagery

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

The Book of Signs (1:19–12:50)

1:19–34: The Testimony of John the Baptist

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1:35–51: Call of the Disciples

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2:1–12: Jesus’ First Sign: Wedding at Cana

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2:13–25: Jesus’ Sign of Authority over the Temple

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3:1–21: Nicodemus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3:22–36: Jesus the Baptizer

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4:1–42: The Samaritan Woman

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

4:43–54: Second Sign: Healing of the Official’s Son

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

5:1–47: Healing on the Sabbath

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

6:1–21: A Fifth Sign: Feeding of the Multitudes and Walking on Water

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

6:22–71: The Bread of Life Discourse

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

7:1–52: Festival of Tabernacles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

7:53–8:11: The Adulterous Woman

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

8:12–59: Confrontation with the Jews

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

9:1–41: A Sixth Sign: Healing of the Blind Man

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

10:1–42: The Good Shepherd

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

11:1–54: A Seventh Sign: Raising of Lazarus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

11:55–12:11: The Anointing of Jesus at Bethany

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

12:12–50: The Triumphal Entry and End of Jesus’ Public Ministry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

The Book of Glory (13:1–20:31)

13:1–38: Final Dinner

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

14:1–16:33: Farewell Discourses

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

17:1–26: Jesus’ Prayer

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

18:1–19:16a: Betrayal, Trials, and Denial

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

19:16b–42 Crucifixion and Burial

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

20:1–18: Mary Magdalene and the Gardener

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

20:19–29: Appearances to the Disciples

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

20:30–31 Conclusion and Statement of Purpose

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

21:1–25: Epilogue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Acts as a History of the Early Church (Demetrius K. Williams)

Dating the Acts of the Apostles The Genre of Acts Contemporary Options for Reading Acts: Ideological, Postcolonial, and Postmodern Perspectives Luke as a Historian of the Early Church Movement from Jerusalem to Rome and the Portrayal of the Apostles The Construction of Christian Identity Acts and the “Break” with Judaism: “Jews” as Agents of Persecution Portrayal of Roman Characters Reading Luke-Acts Today Works Cited The Acts of the Apostles (Michal Beth Dinkler)

Introduction 1:1–26: Prologue and Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2:1–47: The Day of Pentecost

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3:1–6:7: The Church in Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

6:8–8:3: The Persecution and Martyrdom of Stephen

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

8:4–40: The Ministry of Philip

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

9:1–31: The Call of Saul/Paul

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

9:32–11:18: The Ministry of Peter

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

11:19–12:25: God Protects the Jerusalem Church

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

13:1–14:28: Paul’s First Missionary Journey

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

15:1–35: The Jerusalem Controversy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

15:36–18:21: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

18:22–21:16: Paul’s Third Missionary Journey

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

21:17–23:35: Events in Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

24:1–26:32: Events in Caesarea

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

27:1–28:31: Paul’s Trip to Rome and Conclusion

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Situating the Apostle Paul in His Day and Engaging His Legacy in Our Own (Neil Elliott)

Historical Puzzles in the Letters

Stories We Tell about Paul Paul as Convert from Judaism Paul as the Champion of a Law-Free Church Paul as a (Non-Christian) Jew Paul against Roman Imperial Ideology

The Paradox of Reading Paul’s Letters Today

The Paradox of “Theological” or “Pastoral” Readings The Paradox of Paul’s Authority

Seeing Paul through a Glass, Darkly

The Pauls in the New Testament Competing Memories

Paul the Problem: Apostle of the Status Quo? The Promise of a Critical Historical Imagination Works Cited Romans (Cynthia Briggs Kittredge)

Introduction

Paul’s Letter to the Romans in the Interpretive Tradition Romans in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 1:1–17: Paul Introduces Himself and the Gospel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 1:18–3:31: Human Wickedness and God’s Justice through Jesus Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 4:1–25: Abraham Is Ancestor of Jews and Gentiles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 5:1–21: Christ’s Gift of Righteousness Brings Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 6:1–23: United to Christ in Death and in Resurrection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 7:1–8:1: The Role of the Law

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 8:1–8:39: Life in the Spirit

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 9:1–29: God’s Promises to Israel Are Sure

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 9:30–10:21: Trying to Understand Israel and the Gentiles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 11:1–36: The Restoration of Israel and the Inclusion of the Gentiles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 12:1–21: Exhortation to Holy Living

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 13:1–14: Subjection to Governing Authorities

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 14:1–15:13: Welcome One Another

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 15:14–33: Paul’s Reasons for Writing, Plans to Visit Rome, and Delivery of the Collection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Romans 16:1–27: Paul Commends Phoebe and Greets His Coworkers

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Corinthians (Laura S. Nasrallah)

Introduction

Ekklēsia The Sociopolitical Context of Roman Corinth Ethnicity and Identity in Roman Corinth: The City and the Ekklēsia The Text Outline of the Letter Conclusions

1:1–17: Letter Writing and Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 1:18–4:21: Spirit and Wisdom

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 5:1–6:11 Insiders, Outsiders, and Judgment

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 6:12–7:40: “All Things Are Permitted to Me” and “Stay as You Are”

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 8–10: Food Offered to Idols, Ethnicity, and Identity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

11:2–34: Veiling and Eating

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 12:1–26: Being the Body of Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 12:27–13:13: Love and the Ranking of Charismata

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 14:1–40: Spiritual Gifts and Building up Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 15:1–58: Transformations: From “Psychic Body” to “Spiritual Body”

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Corinthians 16:1–23: Epistolary Closing

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

2 Corinthians (David E. Fredrickson)

Introduction 2 Corinthians 1:1–7: The Sound of P

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 1:8–13: Reconciliation as Resurrection

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 1:15–2:4: If I Am a Flatterer, Then so Is God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 2:5–11: Shame and Satan

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 2:12–3:3: Topography of an Apostle’s Heart

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition

2 Corinthians 3:1–18: Frank Speech and Moses’ Face

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 4:1–6: Your Slaves

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 4:7–5:10: More Body

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 5:11–19: The Madness of Saint Paul

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 5:20–7:4 God Entreating through Us, Not Them

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 8:1–9:15: By Poverty Enriched

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 10:1–18: Miles Gloriosus: Militia Amoris

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 11:1–4: Zealous to Preserve Christ’s Marriage Bed

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 11:5–12:10: Dog Apostles, Hardships, and Weakness

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Corinthians 12:11–13:10: A True Apostle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Galatians (Brigitte Kahl)

Introduction Galatians 1:1–9: The Other Gospel and the End of Otherness

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 1:10–21: Damascus: Defecting from the Culture of Enmity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 2:1–10: Peace Council at Jerusalem

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 2:11–21: Eating (Dis)Orders at Antioch and Justification by Faith

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 3:1–29: “Queering” the Human Family

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 4:1–31: Mother Paul: Giving Birth to Messianic Solidarity

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Galatians 5:1–6:18: Old Cosmos and New Creation: The Ecology of Interdependence

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Ephesians (Jennifer G. Bird)

Introduction Ephesians 1:1–2:10: Spiritual Blessings and Riches in Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ephesians 2:11–3:21: Mystery, Power, and Oneness in Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ephesians 4:1–5:20: Unity in the Body of Christ and Living Wisely

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ephesians 5:21–6:9: Household Code

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Ephesians 6:10–24: Spiritual Battle and Benediction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Philippians (Julia Lambert Fogg)

Introduction Philippians 1:1–11: Sharing in Thanksgiving with Joy

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Philippians 1:12–26: Embodying the Mind of Christ: Paul’s Example

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Philippians 1:27–2:18: Embodying the Mind of Christ: Christ’s Example

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Philippians 2:19–4:1: Examples of Embodying the Mind of Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Philippians 4:2–23: Embodying the Mind of Christ in Life and Worship

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Colossians (Sylvia C. Keesmaat)

Introduction Colossians 1:1–14: Greeting and Description of the Colossians’ Story

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 1:15–23: Who Is Lord: Jesus or Caesar?

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 1:24–2:6: The Mystery of Christ

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 2:8–3:4: Paul’s Challenge to Idolatry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 3:5–17: Living as Image Bearers

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 3:18–4:1: Submission and Inheritance—A Jubilee for Slaves

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Colossians 4:2–18: The Shape of the Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Thessalonians (Edward Pillar)

Introduction 1 Thessalonians 1:1–10: The Gospel in Thessalonica

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Thessalonians 2:1–12: Paul’s Defense of His Ministry

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Thessalonians 2:13–3:11: Persecution, Suffering, and Wrath

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Thessalonians 4:1–12: Sanctification as a Mark of Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Thessalonians 4:13–5:11: Confidence in the Gospel

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Thessalonians (Edward Pillar)

Introduction 2 Thessalonians 1:1–12: Steadfastness in Suffering

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Thessalonians 2:1–17: Avoiding Deception—The Day of the Lord

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Thessalonians 3:1–18: Warning the Idle

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Timothy (Deborah Krause)

Introduction to the Pastoral Epistles Introduction to 1 Timothy 1 Timothy 1:1–2: Opening Salutation

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 1:3–11: Call to Proper Instruction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 1:12–20: Christ’s Mercy—An Example from Paul’s Biography

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 2:1–15: The Call to a Quiet Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 3:1–16: Qualities for Church Leadership

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 4:1–16: Sound Teaching

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 5:1–6:3: Clarifying Roles and Responsibilities

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Timothy 6:4–19: False Teaching and the Call to Guard the Good Confession

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Timothy (Deborah Krause)

Introduction 2 Timothy 1:1–18: The Good Treasure Entrusted to You

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Timothy 2:1–26: Dedication to Service and Sound Teaching

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Timothy 3:1–17: Avoid the Unholy and Adhere to Paul’s Example

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Timothy 4:1–22: Presenting Paul’s Final Requests

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Titus (Deborah Krause)

Introduction Titus 1:1–16: Opening Words of Paul to Titus

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Titus 2:1–15: Enforcing the Social Order

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Titus 3:1–15: Avoiding Controversy for the Whole Church

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Philemon (Eric D. Barreto)

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context

Slavery Then and Today Introductory Matters (vv. 1–7) The Body of the Letter (vv. 8–21) Final Greetings (vv. 22–25)

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Introduction to Hebrews, the General Epistles, and Revelation (Neil Elliott)

Hebrews (David A. deSilva)

Introduction Hebrews 1:1–14: The Ultimate Revelation in God’s Son

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 2:1–18: God’s Son and the Many Sons and Daughters

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 3:1–19: The Dangers of Responding with Distrust

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 4:1–13: Entering God’s “Rest”

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 4:14–5:10: God’s Son as Sympathetic Mediator

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 5:11–6:20: Summons to Respond Honorably and Appropriately

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 7:1–28: The “Better” High Priestly Mediator

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 8:1–13: The “Better” Covenant

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 9:1–10:18: The “Better” Sacrifice

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 10:19–39: Summons to Persevere in Faithful Response

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 11:1–12:3: Encomium on Faith

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 12:4–29: Challenge to Endure and Show Gratitude

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Hebrews 13:1–25: Specific Exhortations for Making a Grateful Response

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

James (Timothy B. Cargal)

Introduction James 1:1–21: Obtaining Wisdom from God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

James 1:22–2:13: Doing the Word

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

James 2:14–26: A Living Faith

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

James 3:1–4:12: Humbly Preparing for Judgment

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

James 4:13–5:20: Restoring One’s Neighbor—And Self

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1 Peter (David L. Bartlett)

Introduction 1 Peter 1:1–12: The Foundation of Christian Hope

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 1:13–25: The Shape of New Christian Life

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 2:1–10: The Royal Priesthood

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 2:11–17: Living Honorably among the Gentiles

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 2:18–3:7: Living Honorably in the Household

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 3:8–22: Faithful Suffering

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 4:1–11: Christ’s Suffering as Example

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 4:12–19: The Coming Crisis

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 5:1–11: Instructions for Community Order

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 Peter 5:12–14: Final Greetings

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

2 Peter (Pheme Perkins)

Introduction 2 Peter 1:1–15: Christ’s Calling

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Peter 1:16–2:3: The Example of the Prophets

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Peter 2:4–22: Lessons from the Biblical Past

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 Peter 3:1–18: Salvation and Judgment

The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

1, 2, 3 John (Jaime Clark-Soles)

Introduction 1 John

1 John 1:1–4: The Prologue 1 John 1:5–2:17: Walk in the Light

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 John 2:18–3:24: Love in Action

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 John 4:1–6: Incarnation and Antichrists

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 John 4:7–5:12: The Church Defined by Love

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

1 John 5:13–21: Final Verses

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

2 John

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

3 John

Introduction

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Jude (Pheme Perkins)

Introduction Jude 1–25

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

Revelation (Barbara R. Rossing)

Introduction

Interpretive History

Revelation 1:1–8: Prologue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 1:9–16: Introducing John of Patmos

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 2–3: Seven Churches on Earth; Seven Messages

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 4–5: Heavenly Throne Room, the Lamb, All Creation’s Worship

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 6: The Seven Seals: Diagnosing the Crises of Empire

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 7: First Interlude: The People of God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 8–9: Woes, Seven Trumpets: Alas for the Earth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 10–11: Second Prophetic Interlude; The People of God

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 12: Witness to Hope: The Woman, the Dragon, and Earth’s Daring Rescue

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 13: Sea Beast and Earth Beast: Allies of the Dragon

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 14: Followers of the Lamb, Harvest of the Earth: The Alternative Community

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 15: The Song of Moses and the Lamb

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 16: Seven Bowls, Seven Plagues, and the Angel of the Waters

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 17:1–19:8: Courtroom Trial, Judgment, and Funeral for Babylon/Rome

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 19:11–20:15: Satan Bound: The Millennium Interlude

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 21:1–22:5: New Jerusalem and the Renewed Earth

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Revelation 22:6–21: Epilogue: Closing Blessings and Exhortations

The Text in Its Ancient Context The Text in the Interpretive Tradition The Text in Contemporary Discussion

Works Cited

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