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Index
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Understanding Traffic Engineering with MPLS
Basic Networking Concepts
TDM
Statistical Multiplexing
What Is Traffic Engineering?
Traffic Engineering Before MPLS
The Fish Problem
Enter MPLS
Decoupling Routing and Forwarding
Better Integration of the IP and ATM Worlds
Building Services with MPLS
What MPLS TE Is Not
Using MPLS TE in Real Life
Summary
Chapter 2. MPLS Forwarding Basics
MPLS Terminology
Forwarding Fundamentals
What Is a Label?
Control Plane Versus Data Plane
Classification
Control Planes in an MPLS Network
Forwarding Mechanics
Label Distribution Concepts
Label Distribution Protocol
LDP PDU Header
LDP Message Format
LDP's Major Functions
Loop Detection
Label Distribution Protocol Configuration
Configuring CEF
Configuring MPLS Forwarding Globally
Interface-Level Configuration
Configuring Session Attributes
Summary
Chapter 3. Information Distribution
MPLS Traffic Engineering Configuration
What Information Is Distributed
Available Bandwidth Information
Tunnel Priority
Attribute Flags
Administrative Weight
When Information Is Distributed
Flood Significant Changes Immediately
Flood Insignificant Changes Periodically, But More Often Than the IGP Refresh Interval
If a Change That Has Not Yet Been Flooded Is Known to Cause an Error, Flood Immediately
How Information Is Distributed
MPLS Traffic Engineering in OSPF
MPLS Traffic Engineering Flooding in IS-IS
Summary
Chapter 4. Path Calculation and Setup
How SPF Works
How CSPF Works
Tiebreakers in CSPF
Other Things That Influence CSPF
CSPF Knobs
Tunnel Reoptimization
Periodic Reoptimization
Manual Reoptimization
Event-Driven Reoptimization
Lockdown
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
RSVP Basics
RSVP Packets
RSVP Operation
RSVP in the Real World
Interarea Tunnels
IGP Terminology
What Interarea Tunnels Can Do
How Interarea Tunnels Work
What Interarea Tunnels Cannot Do
Link Manager
show mpls traffic-eng link-management admission-control Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management advertisements Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management bandwidth-allocation Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management igp-neighbors Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management interfaces Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management statistics Command
show mpls traffic-eng link-management summary Command
Summary
Chapter 5. Forwarding Traffic Down Tunnels
Forwarding Traffic Down Tunnels Using Static Routes
Forwarding Traffic Down Tunnels with Policy-Based Routing
Forwarding Traffic Down Tunnels with Autoroute
Load Sharing
Equal-Cost Load Sharing
Unequal-Cost Load Sharing
How to Play with the TE Tunnel Metric
Forwarding Adjacency
Automatic Bandwidth Adjustment
How Auto Bandwidth Works
Auto Bandwidth Configuration
Auto Bandwidth Operation
Summary
Chapter 6. Quality of Service with MPLS TE
The DiffServ Architecture
Classification
Policing
Marking
Queuing
Dropping
A Quick MQC Review
Configuring a Class Map
Configuring a Policy Map
Configuring a Service Policy
DiffServ and IP Packets
DiffServ and MPLS Packets
Label Stack Treatment
ip2mpls
mpls2mpls
mpls2ip
EXP and DSCP Are Independent
Per-Hop Behaviors in the ip2mpls and mpls2ip Cases
Tunnel Modes
Uniform Mode
Short-Pipe Mode
Pipe Mode
DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering (DS-TE)
Configuring DS-TE
Forwarding DS-TE Traffic Down a Tunnel
Summary
Chapter 7. Protection and Restoration
The Need for Fast Reroute
What Is Protection?
Types of Protection
Path Protection
Local Protection
Link Versus Node Protection
Link Protection
Prefailure Configuration
Failure Detection
Connectivity Restoration
Post-Failure Signalling
Link Protection Configuration Summary
Node Protection
Similarities Between Link Protection and Node Protection
Differences Between Link Protection and Node Protection
Advanced Protection Issues
Multiple Backup Tunnels
Backup Bandwidth Reservation
Backup Tunnel Selection Summary
Promotion
Configuring Multiple Backup Tunnels to Multiple NNHops
Summary
Chapter 8. MPLS TE Management
MPLS LSR MIB
Interface Configuration Table (mplsInterfaceConfTable)
Interface Performance Table (mplsInterfacePerfTable)
InSegment Table (mplsInSegmentTable)
InSegment Performance Table (mplsInSegmentPerfTable)
OutSegment Table (mplsOutSegmentTable)
OutSegment Performance Table (mplsOutSegmentPerfTable)
Cross-Connect Table (mplsXCTable)
MPLS TE MIB
mplsTunnelTable
mplsTunnelHopTable
mplsTunnelResourceTable
Summary
Chapter 9. Network Design with MPLS TE
Sample Network for Case Studies
Different Types of TE Design
Tactical TE Design
When You Decide to Build TE LSPs
Where You Put TE LSPs
When to Remove Your Tactical TE Tunnels
Useful TE Features for Tactical TE
Online Strategic TE Design
LSP Scalability
Other Growth Factors
Offline Strategic TE Design
Packing Problem
Using an Offline Tool for LSP Placement
Protection Scalability
Link Protection
Node Protection
Path Protection
Actual Data for Determining Scalability
Forwarding Adjacency Scalability
Summary
Chapter 10. MPLS TE Deployment Tips
Bandwidth and Delay Measurements
NetFlow
Traffic Matrix Statistics
Using TE Tunnels for Traffic Measurement
Service Assurance Agent
Fine-Tuning MPLS TE Parameters
Headend Configuration Knobs
Midpoint Configuration Knobs
Migrating IS-IS from Narrow to Wide Metrics
Moving from Narrow to Wide Metrics in Two Steps
Moving from Narrow to Wide Metrics in Three Steps
TE and Multicast
Tunnel Identification Schemes
Combining MPLS TE with MPLS VPNs
A TE Tunnel Per VRF
LDP on a Tunnel Interface
Deployment Possibilities
Applications of Tactical TE
TE for Protection
TE for Unequal-Cost One-Hop Load Balancing
Summary
Chapter 11. Troubleshooting MPLS TE
Common Configuration Mistakes
Common Configuration on All MPLS TE Routers
Headend Configuration
Tools for Troubleshooting MPLS TE Problems
Finding the Root Cause of the Problem
Tunnel-Down Problems
Tunnel-Up Problems
Summary
Appendix A. MPLS TE Command Index
Appendix B. CCO and Other References
Index
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