Science and the Founding Fathers by Cohen, I. Bernard -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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Index

Cover Title Contents Preface 1 Science and American History

Study of the Relation Between Science and the Founding Fathers Science in Relation to Political Thought and Action Analogy in Political Thought Analogies and Metaphors in a Sociopolitical Context: James Wilson and Thomas Pownall Shifts in Scientific Interest and in the Source of Scientific Metaphors Deductive Versus Inductive Thought Conclusion

2 Science and the Political Thought of Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence

Jefferson and Science Jefferson’s Scientific Education A Naturalist in the Service of his Country: Confutation of the Theory of “Degeneration” in the New World Mathematics and Politics: Apportionment of Representatives in the Congress Jefferson and Newtonian Science Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence Newtonian Echoes in the Declaration of Independence: “Laws of Nature” The Declaration of Independence: “Self-Evident” Truths Conclusion

3 Benjamin Franklin: A Scientist in the World of Public Affairs

Some Aspects of Franklin’s Political Thought Franklin’s Scientific Credentials Science and Franklin’s Political Career Franklin’s Use of Scientific Analogues and Metaphors in a Political Context Demography: a Science of Use for Policy Political Implications of Franklin’s Lightning Rod The Scientist as Diplomatist Constitution and Emancipation

4 Science and Politics: Some Aspects of the Thought and Career of John Adams

Science in the Career of John Adams Adams’s Education in Science Equilibrium: The Study of Forces Adams and Franklin’s Science Adams and the Concept of Political Balance Adams and the Physical Principles of the Balance Scientific Metaphors Used by John Taylor in Rebuttal of Adams’s Views Adams’s Rebuttal of Taylor: The Separation of Powers and Adams’s Ideas Concerning Political Balance Newton’s Laws of Motion and the Structure of Congress Electrical Theory in Defense of a Bicameral Legislature Adams’s Attitudes Toward Some Other Aspects of Science The Importance of Science For the Future of the Nation

5 Science and the Constitution

Science in the Constitution Newtonian Science and the Structure of the Constitution Woodrow Wilson on the Constitution as a Newtonian Document Later Views on the Constitution as a Newtonian Document A Different View of Science and the Constitution Science in the Deliberations at the Constitutional Convention James Madison’s Scientific Education Madison and Science in the Federalist Papers If Not Newton, Darwin? Significance of Scientific Metaphors in Political Thought Conclusion: the Lessons of Metaphor

Supplements

1 The Meaning of “Science” and “Experiment” 2 No Balance of Forces in Newtonian Science 3 Desaguliers’s Poem on Newtonian Science and Government 4 How Practical Was Jefferson’s Science? 5 Jefferson and the Megalonyx or Megatherium 6 The Mathematics of Plow Design: Newtonian Fluxions and the Shape of a Solid of Least Resistance 7 Jefferson Corrects Rittenhouse’s Gloss on the Principia 8 Jefferson’s Changing Views Concerning the Abilities of Black People 9 The Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God: Jefferson, Franklin, and Polly Baker 10 Adams’s Speculations About Respiration and Magnetism 11 “Science” and “Useful Arts” 12 Woodrow Wilson on the Constitution, Newtonian Philosophy, and the Whig Theory of Government

Notes Acknowledgments Index Praise for Science and the Founding Fathers Also by I. Bernard Cohen About the Author Copyright

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