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Index
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 How do Linguists Classify Languages?
1. 1 Classification and Language Families
1. 2 The Comparative Method
1. 2. 1 An Outline of the Method
1. 2. 2 Validating the Comparative Method
1. 2. 3 Some Limitations of the Comparative Method
1. 3 Mass Comparison
1. 4 Why Historical Linguists Need Quantitative Methods
2 Lexicostatistics
2. 1 Comparing Like with Like
2. 2 Classical Lexicostatistics
2. 3 Objections to Lexicostatistics
2. 4 Testing Methods
3 Tree-based Quantitative Approaches: Computational Cladistics
3. 1 Probability-based Approaches
3. 1. 1 Real and Apparent Patterns
3. 1. 2 Probability for Beginners
3. 1. 3 Probability and Language Comparison
3. 2 Computerizing the Comparative Method
3. 2. 1 Introducing Computational Cladistics
3. 2. 2 Computational Cladistics and Contact
4 Tree-based Quantitative Approaches: Sublists
4. 1 Excluding Lexical Borrowing
4. 2 Identifying and Using Lexical Borrowings
4. 3 An Initial Test: Optimal List Length
4. 4 Subdividing Meaning Lists
4. 4. 1 The Dyen, Kruskal, and Black (1992) Database
4. 4. 2 Tree-drawing and Tree-selection Programs: Verifying What We Know . . .
4. 4. 3 . . . and Finding Something New
4. 4. 4 Testing the Hypothesis of Borrowing
5 Correlations Between Genetic and Linguistic Data
5. 1 The ‘New Synthesis’
5. 2 Correlations between Genetics and Linguistics: Cautions and Caveats
5. 3 Evidence for Correlations
5. 3. 1 Genetic Evidence and Sampling
5. 3. 2 Four Specific Studies
5. 3. 3 The Contribution of Contact
5. 4 Looking Forward
6 Climbing Down from the Trees: Network Models
6. 1 Network Representations in Biology
6. 1. 1 Problems with Trees
6. 1. 2 Networks in Genetics
6. 1. 3 Split Decomposition
6. 2 Applying Network to Linguistic Data
6. 2. 1 Comparing Linguistic and Biological Data
6. 2. 2 Network and Borrowing: Simulated Data
6. 2. 3 Network and Borrowing: Real Data
6. 3 Distance-based Network Methods
6. 3. 1 Distance-based Versus Character-based Approaches
6. 3. 2 Split Decomposition and Distance Data
6. 3. 3 Distance-based Methods and Linguistic Data
6. 3. 4 Applying NeighbourNet Beyond Indo-European
6. 4 The Uses of Computational and Quantitative Methods
7 Dating
7. 1 Lexicostatistics and Glottochronology
7. 1. 1 Troublesome Terms
7. 1. 2 Glottochronology: Practice and Problems
7. 2 Dating and Time Depth in Linguistics and Biology
7. 3 Dating Brought Up to Date
7. 4 General Problems for Dating
8 Quantitative Methods Beyond the Lexicon
8. 1 Today the Lexicon, Tomorrow . . .
8. 2 Key Questions for Phonetic Comparison
8. 3 Nerbonne and Heeringa’s Approach to Phonetic Similarity
8. 4 Heggarty (forthcoming); Heggarty, McMahon, and McMahon (forthcoming)
8. 5 Phonetic Similarity and Dialect Comparison for English
8. 6 Summing Up
References
Index
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