[Gutenberg 26598] • Seasoning of Wood by Wagner, J.B. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

SEASONING OF WOOD PREFACE

CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

SEASONING OF WOOD

SECTION I

TIMBER

Characteristics and Properties

Structure of Wood Properties of Wood Classes of Trees

SECTION II

CONIFEROUS TREES

WOOD OF THE CONIFEROUS TREES

Bark and Pith Sap and Heartwood The Annual or Yearly Rings Spring- and Summer-Wood Anatomical Structure

LIST OF IMPORTANT CONIFEROUS WOODS

CEDAR (a) White Cedars (b) Red Cedars CYPRESS FIR HEMLOCK LARCH or TAMARACK PINE (a) Soft Pines (b) Hard Pines REDWOOD (See Cedar) SPRUCE BASTARD SPRUCE TAMARACK (See Larch) YEW

SECTION III

BROAD-LEAVED TREES

WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES

Minute Structure

LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARDWOODS)

AILANTHUS ASH ASPEN (See Poplar) BASSWOOD BEECH BIRCH BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut) BLUE BEECH BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange) BUCKEYE BUCKTHORNE BUTTERNUT CATALPA CHERRY CHESTNUT COFFEE TREE COTTONWOOD (See Poplar) CRAB APPLE CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia) DOGWOOD ELM GUM Range of Red Gum Form of the Red Gum Tolerance of Red Gum Demands upon Soil and Moisture Reproduction of Red Gum Second-Growth Red Gum Uses of Tupelo Gum Range of Tupelo Gum HACKBERRY HICKORY HOLLY HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye) IRONWOOD LAUREL LOCUST MAGNOLIA MAPLE MULBERRY MYRTLE (See Laurel) OAK OSAGE ORANGE PAPAW PERSIMMON POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood) RED GUM (See Gum) SASSAFRAS SOUR GUM (See Gum) SOURWOOD SWEET GUM (See Gum) SYCAMORE TULIP TREE TUPELO (See Gum) WAAHOO WALNUT WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut) WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood) WHITE WILLOW YELLOW WOOD

SECTION IV

GRAIN, COLOR, ODOR, WEIGHT, AND FIGURE IN WOOD

DIFFERENT GRAINS OF WOOD

COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD WEIGHT OF WOOD "FIGURE" IN WOOD

SECTION V

ENEMIES OF WOOD

Ambrosia or Timber Beetles

Round-headed Borers Flat-headed Borers Timber Worms Powder Post Borers Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on How to Prevent Injury Saplings Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts Unseasoned Products in the Rough Seasoned Products in the Rough Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids

SECTION VI

WATER IN WOOD

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WOOD

Local Distribution of Water in Wood Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood Composition of Sap Effects of Moisture on Wood The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood

SECTION VII

WHAT SEASONING IS

Difference between Seasoned and Unseasoned Wood

Manner of Evaporation of Water Rapidity of Evaporation Physical Properties that influence Drying

SECTION VIII

ADVANTAGES IN SEASONING

Prevention of Checking and Splitting

Shrinkage of Wood Expansion of Wood Elimination of Stain and Mildew

SECTION IX

DIFFICULTIES OF DRYING WOOD

Changes rendering Drying difficult

Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying Properties of Wood that affect Drying Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying

SECTION X

HOW WOOD IS SEASONED

Methods of Drying

Drying at Atmospheric Pressure Drying under Pressure and Vacuum Drying by Superheated Steam Impregnation Methods Preliminary Treatments Out-of-door Seasoning

SECTION XI

KILN-DRYING OF WOOD

Advantages of Kiln-drying over Air-drying

Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood Theory of Kiln-drying Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln KILN-DRYING Remarks Underlying Principles Objects of Kiln-drying Conditions of Success Different Treatment according to Kind Temperature depends Air Circulation Humidity Kiln-drying Kiln-drying Gum Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum

SECTION XII

TYPES OF DRY KILNS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRY KILNS

The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln Choice of Drying Method Kilns of Different Types The "Progressive" Dry Kiln The "Apartment" Dry Kiln The "Pocket" Dry Kiln The "Tower" Dry Kiln The "Box" Dry Kiln

SECTION XIII

DRY KILN SPECIALTIES

KILN CARS AND METHOD OF LOADING

Different Types of Kiln Doors

SECTION XIV

HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING

The Humidity Diagram

Examples of Use The Hygrodeik The Recording Hygrometer The Registering Hygrometer The Recording Thermometer The Registering Thermometer The Recording Steam Gauge The Troemroid Scalometer Keep Records of the Moisture Content The Electric Heater

BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY INDEX OF LATIN NAMES INDEX

Transcriber's Note

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