Human Muscle Fatigue by Ratel, Sébastien -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

CONTENTS FIGURES TABLES CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PART I THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF MUSCLE FATIGUE

CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS OF MUSCLE FATIGUE

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF FATIGUE IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FATIGUE MECHANISMS OF FATIGUE CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS NOTES REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2 MEASUREMENT METHODS OF MUSCLE FATIGUE

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MEASUREMENT METHODS OF MUSCLE FATIGUE

Part I: tools and procedures for force/power measurement Part II: techniques and procedures to evaluate neuromuscular mechanisms of fatigue

Force recordings EMG recordings Electric or magnetic stimulation?

Part III: techniques and procedures to evaluate metabolic mechanisms of fatigue

Informational content of a 31P MR spectrum Technical considerations Reproducibility of measurements Between-subject variability Within-subject variability Standardisation procedures Future investigations

CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3 CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FATIGUE

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION METHODS USED TO STUDY FATIGUE AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL CHANGES IN METABOLISM DURING FATIGUE CHANGES IN FORCE PRODUCTION DURING FATIGUE CHANGES IN [Ca2+]i DURING FATIGUE

Failure of action potential propagation Metabolic effects on the SR Ca2+ release channels Ca2+-Pi precipitation in the SR Failure of SR Ca2+ release due to glycogen depletion Reduction of SR Ca2+ release after fatiguing stimulation

CHANGES IN MYOFIBRILLAR FUNCTION DURING FATIGUE

Acidosis and myofibrillar function Pi and myofibrillar function ROS/RNS and myofibrillar function

CHANGES IN SHORTENING VELOCITY AND POWER OUTPUT DURING FATIGUE CHANGES IN RELAXATION DURING FATIGUE CAUSES OF EXERCISE LIMITATION CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

PART II FATIGUE AND EXTRANEOUS FACTORS

CHAPTER 4 MUSCLE FATIGUE IN CHILDREN

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION FATIGUE DURING PROLONGED EXERCISE

Age-related differences Explanatory factors

Higher stride frequency Higher ventilatory cost Higher coactivation “Non optimal” body mass Locomotion style Other factors

Summary

FATIGUE DURING HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE

Age-related differences Explanatory factors

Smaller body dimensions Lower neuromuscular activation Higher percentage of type I fibres Oxidative and glycolytic profiles Depletion and recovery rates of PCr

Summary

CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: PROBLEM AND RESOLUTION CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5 MUSCLE FATIGUE IN ELDERLY PEOPLE

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MUSCLE FATIGUE IN OLDER ADULTS

Effect of contraction mode in studies of fatigue Effect of muscle strength and contraction intensity in studies of endurance Does muscle fatigue vary by muscle group?

MECHANISMS OF MUSCLE FATIGUE IN ELDERLY ADULTS

Bioenergetic basis of fatigue resistance in the elderly Neural factors and fatigue in the elderly

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY POPULATION ON MUSCLE FATIGUE: RETAINING THE FOCUS ON SENESCENCE

Effects of health Effects of activity level Effect of age and sex

MUSCLE FATIGUE AND PHYSICAL FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6 SEX DIFFERENCES IN MUSCLE FATIGUE

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION SEX AND MUSCLE FATIGUE

Strength and muscle perfusion Muscle metabolism Central drive Peripheral excitation

SEX AND AGE IN MUSCLE FATIGUE CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7 FATIGUE AND TRAINING STATUS

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION TRAINING BACKGROUND AND FATIGUE

Fatigue in untrained, endurance-trained and sprint/ power-trained individuals

Single-sprint performance Repeated-sprint performance

Factors that determine fatigue profile during high-intensity exercise

Muscle fibre composition and metabolic profile Influence of initial force/power output Evaluating performance and fatigue during high-intensity exercise Aerobic fitness: maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic contribution to energy supply Aerobic fitness: oxygen uptake kinetics Aerobic fitness: effects on PCr resynthesis Muscle buffering capacity and ionic regulation Neural factors

Key points (training background and fatigue)

INCREASES IN ACTIVITY LEVEL AND FATIGUE: EFFECTS OF SYSTEMATIC TRAINING

Fibre type transformations after training

Sprint and strength training Endurance training

Muscle enzymes

Sprint training with repeated short bouts (<10s) Sprint training with repeated long bouts (30s) Sprint training versus traditional endurance training Molecular signalling for mitochondrial adaptations

Capillarisation and blood flow

Capillary supply and fatigue resistance

Regulation of ionic balance

Improvement of K+ regulation with sprint training Lactate and H+ regulation Changes in muscle buffering capacity

Key points (effects of systematic training)

REDUCTIONS IN ACTIVITY LEVEL AND FATIGUE: EFFECTS OF DETRAINING AND IMMOBILISATION

Effects of detraining

Neuromuscular adaptations and fibre type shifts Changes in muscle enzymes and capillarisation Detraining and muscle fatigue

Effects of immobilisation/disuse

Changes in muscle mass and function Changes in fatigue resistance

Key points (effects of detraining and immobilisation)

CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: PROBLEM AND RESOLUTION—REDUCTION OF FATIGUE IN SOCCER

Background Problem Resolution: repeated-sprint training

Repeated short bouts Repeated longer (30s) bouts

Caution

CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8 ERGOGENIC AIDS AND FATIGUE DURING MULTIPLE-SPRINT EXERCISE

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MULTIPLE-SPRINT EXERCISE

Terminology Quantifying fatigue during multiple-sprint exercise Reliability of fatigue scores Interpretation of fatigue scores Summary

POTENTIAL MECHANISMS LIMITING PERFORMANCE DURING MULTIPLE-SPRINT EXERCISE

Peripheral fatigue

Energy supply

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE PHOSPHOCREATINE MUSCLE GLYCOGEN AEROBIC METABOLISM

Metabolite occumulation

AMMONIA (NH3) HYDROGEN ION (H+) ACCUMULATION POTASSIUM (K+) REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

Central fatigue Summary

ERGOGENIC AIDS

Caffeine

Classification and usage Possible mechanisms Effects on multiple-sprint performance

Creatine

Classification and usage Possible mechanisms Effects on multiple-sprint performance

Carbohydrates

Classification and usage Possible mechanisms Effects on multiple-sprint performance

Alkalising agents

Classification and usage Possible mechanisms Effects on multiple-sprint performance

CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

PART III FATIGUE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 9 FATIGUE AND NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION SITES OF FATIGUE

Central components of fatigue Peripheral components of fatigue

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis

Peripheral components of fatigue Central components of fatigue

Exercise in MS patients

POST-POLIOMYELITIS SYNDROME

Muscle strength in PPS Fatigue in PPS

Peripheral components of fatigue Central components of fatigue

Exercise in PPS

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Weakness in myasthenia gravis Fatigue in myasthenia gravis

Peripheral factors in fatigue Central factors in fatigue

Exercise in MG

SPINAL CORD INJURY

Muscle strength Fatigue after spinal cord injury Exercise after SCI

CASE STUDY CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10 MUSCLE FATIGUE IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION DYSTROPHINOPATHIES MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL DYSTROPHY LIMB GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES EXPERIENCED FATIGUE

Assessment of experienced fatigue Prevalence and impact of experienced fatigue

DETERMINANTS OF FATIGUE

Pathophysiological studies of muscle fatigue Peripheral versus central fatigue Vicious circle of physical inactivity Perpetuating factors of experienced fatigue Experienced fatigue and psychiatric disorders

TREATMENT OF FATIGUE

Training studies in animals Training studies in muscular dystrophy patients Medication for muscle fatigue and experienced fatigue Cognitive behaviour therapy

CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11 FATIGUE AND WEAKNESS IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES: DERMATOMYOSITIS, POLYMYOSITIS AND INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION CLINICAL EVALUATION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF MUSCLE MORPHOLOGY

MRI quantification with T1 and T2 relaxation times

METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO WEAKNESS AND FATIGUE ADDITIONAL FACTORS RELATED TO FATIGUE AND WEAKNESS

Lung involvement Relationships between carbohydrate and fat metabolism Hypoperfusion as a contributor to muscle deficiency

TREATMENTS FOR ALLEVIATION OF WEAKNESS AND FATIGUE

Exercise therapy to improve strength and fatigue Creatine supplementation for improved energy metabolism Creatine and magnesium supplementations

CASE HISTORIES SHOWING CLINICAL ASPECTS CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12 MUSCLE FATIGUE IN METABOLIC MYOPATHIES

OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES MUSCLE GLYCOLYTIC DEFECTS: MCARDLE DISEASE AND RELATED DISORDERS CASE STUDY

Clinical history Evaluation: rationale Exercise testing: results Interpretation/implications

CONCLUSION FIVE KEY PAPERS THAT SHAPED THE TOPIC AREA GLOSSARY OF TERMS REFERENCES

INDEX

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