[Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 01] • Cannabis · The Genus Cannabis by Brown, David T. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Front Matter

CANNABIS: The Genus Cannabis

ISBN 9789057022913 CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SERIES PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS

CHAPTER 1. CANNABIS USE AND ABUSE BY MAN: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

ORIGINS ANCIENT CHINA ANCIENT EGYPT THE BIBLE AND JUDEA PREHISTORIC EUROPE AND SCYTHIA ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME PERSIA AND ARABIA INDIA SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFTER 500 AD ENGLAND BEFORE 1800 FRANCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY VICTORIAN BRITAIN CANNABIS AND NORTH AMERICA THE ANALYSIS OF CANNABIS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2. THE CANNABIS PLANT: BOTANY, CULTIVATION AND PROCESSING FOR USE

GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF CANNABIS TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF CANNABIS BOTANICAL FEATURES OF CANNABIS GROWTH CYCLE OF CANNABIS CULTIVATION OF CANNABIS

History of Cannabis Cultivation Present Day Cultivation of Cannabis

Cultivation of Cannabis for Hemp Fibre or Cannabis Seed Cultivation of Cannabis for Narcotic Use in India and Surrounding Areas Worldwide Cultivation Sites of Narcotic Cannabis Indoor Cultivation of Cannabis

ILLICIT CANNABIS PRODUCTS

Synonyms for Cannabis Preparations International Trafficking of Illicit Cannabis Products THC Content and Stability of Cannabis Preparations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. THE CHEMISTRY OF CANNABIS

CANNABINOID CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS

Numbering Systems for Cannabinoids Structural Groups of Cannabinoids Biogenesis of Cannabinoids Chemical Methods for Cannabinoid Synthesis

NON-CANNABINOID CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS CHEMICAL VARIATION IN CANNABIS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4. ANALYTICAL AND LEGISLATIVE ASPECTS OF CANNABIS

1 LEGAL DEFINITIONS

1.1 International Conventions and National Enactments 1.2 Distinction and Confusion of Herb and Resin 1.3 Parts of Plant: Fruiting/Flowering Tops; Aerial Parts, Stalk; Seed (Non)viable 1.4 Compendial Definitions 1.5 Cannabis Oils 1.6 Smoking Residues 1.7 Natural Cannabinoids, Including C3 and Cl Analogues 1.8 Synthetic Analogues of Natural Cannabinoids 1.9 Esters of Cannabinoids 1.10 Stereochemistry of THC and Legal Implications

2 OFFENCES

2.1 Cultivation 2.2 Trafficking Offences 2.3 Dealing, Handling and Possession

1 Unlawful Possession 2 Possession With Intent to Supply 3 Unlawful Supply 4 Usable/Measurable Amounts 5 Prior Possession

2.4 Control of Premises Offences 2.5 Social Attitudes and Public Perceptions

1 National Surveys 2 Substitution of Cannabis Products 3 Global Seizures

2.6 Legalisation

1 Public Debate 2 Recreational Use 3 Therapeutic Implications

3 FORENSIC ANALYSIS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Detection and Sampling 3.2 Field Tests for Cannabis Products

1 Sampling Practice 2 Field Sampling Procedures 3 Colour Tests 4 Field Kits

3.3 Identification of Herb and Resin

1 Screening 2 Microscopy 3 Laboratory Colour Tests

3.4 Cannabis Oils and Cannabinoids

1 Introduction 2 Thin Layer Chromatography 3 Gas Chromatography 4 Liquid Chromatography 5 NMR Spectroscopy 6 Immunoassay Procedures

3.5 Examination of Smoking Residues 3.6 Chemotaxonomic Evidence of Age and Origin

1 Geographical Origin 2 Chemotaxonomic Studies 3 Age of Specimen

4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

4.1 Compendial Standards 4.2 Characters 4.3 Identification—Herbal and Chemical 4.4 Related Substances 4.5 Adulteration—Active and Inactive 4.6 Assay Methods 4.7 Potency Standards, Reference Material 4.8 Quality of Non-herbal Medicinal Preparations 4.9 Storage Desiderata

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5. NON-MEDICINAL USES OF CANNABIS SATIVA

INTRODUCTION CULTIVATION CURRENT USES

Textiles Paper Rope Oil as a Foodstuff Hemp as a Fuel Paints and Resins Cosmetics Plastics

HEMP CULTIVATION AROUND THE WORLD

Australia Canada China France Germany Holland Hungary Poland Romania Russia Spain Ukraine United Kingdom United States

SUMMARY REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hemp Product Producers around the World The Internet

CHAPTER 6. ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID RECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY

1 INTRODUCTION 2 CLONING OF CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

2.1 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors 2.2 Subtypes of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors 2.3 Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors

3 LIGANDS FOR CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

3.1 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists

3.2.1 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists 3.2.2 Other Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists

3.2 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists

3.2.1 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists 3.2.2 Other Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists

3.3 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists with Selectivity for CB1 or CB2 Receptors

4 DISTRIBUTION OF CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

4.1 Cannabinoid Receptor mRNA 4.2 Cannabinoid Binding Sites 4.3 Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptors within the CNS

5 EFFECTOR SYSTEMS

5.1 Adenylate Cyclase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 5.2 Arachidonic Acid 5.3 Ion Channels

6 EFFECTS MEDIATED BY CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

6.1 In Vivo Effects 6.2 In Vitro Effects

6.2.1 Inhibition of Neurotransmitter Release 6.2.2 Inhibition of GABA, Uptake into Central Neurones and of 5-HT Release from Mast Cells 6.2.3 Inhibition of Long Term Potentiation 6.2.4 Inhibition of Electrically-Evoked Contractions

7 DISTRIBUTION, FORMATION, RELEASE AND FATE OF ANANDAMIDE

7.1 Distribution 7.2 Formation 7.3 Release 7.4 Fate 7.5 Inhibitors of Anandamide Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis

8 PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANANDAMIDE 9 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL FOR CANNABIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES

1 INTRODUCTION 2 SPECIFIC MEDICINAL USES OF CANNABIS

2.1 Use as an Antiemetic

2.1.1 Cannabis 2.1.2 THC 2.1.3 Nabilone 2.1.4 Levonantradol 2.1.5 Other Derivatives 2.1.6 Mode of Action

2.2 Glaucoma

2.2.1 Cannabis 2.2.2 THC 2.2.3 Nabilone 2.2.4 Other Derivatives 2.2.4 Mode of Action

2.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

2.3.1 Cannabis 2.3.2 THC 2.3.3 Nabilone 2.3.4 Mode of Action

2.4 Spastic Conditions

2.4.1 Cannabis 2.4.2 Cannabidiol (CBD) 2.4.3 Mode of Action

2.5 Anticonvulsant Activity

2.5.1 Cannabis 2.5.2 THC 2.5.3 Cannabidiol (CBD) 2.5.4 Mode of Action

2.6 Anti-Asthmatic Activity

2.6.1 Cannabis 2.6.2 THC 2.6.3 Nabilone 2.6.4 Mode of Action

2.7 Effects on Anxiety and Insomnia

2.7.1 Cannabis 2.7.2 THC 2.7.3 Nabilone 2.7.4 Cannabidiol 2.7.5 Mode of Action

2.8 Depression 2.9 Appetite Loss and Anorexia

2.9.1 Cannabis 2.9.2 THC 2.9.3 Mode of Action

2.10 Alcoholism 2.11 Hypertension

2.11.1 Mode of Action

2.12 Inflammation 2.13 Anti-Tumour Activity 2.14 Anti-infective Effect

3 SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF CANNABINOIDS 4 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH CANNABINOIDS 5 FUTURE PROSPECTS REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8. CANNABIS AND CANNABINOIDS IN PAIN RELIEF

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

Early Experiences in the 19th Century The Law Exerts its Control The Purification, Analysis and Understanding of Cannabis

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE AND PERSISTENT PAIN

Steps in Pain Perception

Peripheral Nerves Wind Up Transmission Descending Inhibition Gate Theory Neuroplasticity Cutting or Damaging a Nerve

ANALGESICS AND HOW THEY WORK NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED WITH CANNABINOID ACTION CANNABINOID RECEPTORS MEDICINAL CANNABINOID PROTOTYPES THE ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID—ANANDAMIDE CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS LABORATORY EVIDENCE FOR CANNABINOID ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

The Tail-Flick Test The Hot Plate Test The Abdominal Stretching Test Carrageenan Induced Oedema Test Acetic Acid Abdominal Constriction Test Haffner’s Tail Pinch Test

SYNERGISTIC ANALGESIC EFFECT OF CANNABINOIDS WITH OPIATES CLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR CANNABINOID ANALGESIC ACTIVITY ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE FOR CANNABINOIDS IN PAIN RELIEF

Multiple Sclerosis Major Spinal Injury Other Neurogenic Pain Traumatic Spinal Strains/Sprains

NABILONE—CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AT THE JAMES PAGET HOSPITAL

Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Problems Peripheral Neuropathy Central Neurogenic Pain Malignancy Heartsink Patients Benefits and Side Effects of Nabilone and Cannabis Summary of Nabilone Experience in 43 Patients Cannabis Use in Chronic Pain Costs Future Uses Future Studies

THE EXPERIENCE OF AN MS PATIENT WHO USES CANNABIS SIDE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS AND NABILONE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THC

Absorption Half-Life Elimination

PHARMACOKINETICS OF NABILONE

Absorption Half-Life Elimination

THE FUTURE FOR CANNABIS AS A DRUG FOR PAIN RELIEF CONCLUSION REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9. CANNABIS ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL: ATTITUDES AND IMPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION THE NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF MARIJUANA EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA MARIJUANA WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME CONCLUSION: ON THE QUESTION OF MARIJUANA LEGALISATION REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS USE AND ABUSE

ACUTE INTOXICATING EFFECTS CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS ENDOCRINE EFFECTS NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS PSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS PULMONARY EFFECTS MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS SUMMARY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS DRUG INTERACTIONS INVOLVING CANNABIS

Amphetamines Antidiabetic Drugs Antimuscarinic Drugs Barbiturates Chlorpromazine Cocaine Cytotoxic Agents Disulfiram Ethanol Fluoxetine Indomethacin Lithium Opioids Phencyclidine Physostigmine Propranolol Theophylline Tricyclic Antidepressants

REFERENCES

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