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Index
Title Page Copyright Contents What is Quantum Theory? Classical Physicists It’s All Proven (and Classical). . . “Fill in the Sixth Decimal Place” The Fundamental Assumptions of Classical Physics The Solvay Conference 1927 – Formulation of Quantum Theory The First Law of Thermodynamics Rudolf Clausius: Two Laws The Existence of Atoms Averaging Diatomic Molecules Ludwig Boltzmann and Statistical Mechanics Thermal Equilibrium and Fluctuations The Thirty Years War (1900–30) – Quantum Physics Versus Classical Physics Black-Body Radiation Paradoxical Results What Went Wrong? The Ultraviolet Catastrophe Enter Max Planck Pre-Atomic Model of Matter Planck’s Predicament Chopping Up the Energy A Quantum of Energy The Photoelectric Effect A Classical Interpretation Enter Albert Einstein A Small Flat at Kramergasse 49, in Bern Einstein’s Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect Millikan: Hard-headed Classical Physicist Bright Line Light Spectra Emission Spectra Absorption Spectra (Dark Lines) Fraunhofer Lines The Discovery of Helium Hydrogen – Test Case for Atomic Structure Balmer: the Swiss School Teacher Hydrogen Frequencies From Balmer’s Formula Discovery of the Electron Christmas Pudding Atom Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom Size of the Nucleus Arrival of the Quantum Hero, Niels Bohr Bohr Meets Nicholson: Quantized Angular Momentum First: Linear Momentum Second: Angular Momentum The Bohr Quantum Postulates Mixing Classical and Quantum Physics Bohr Derives the Balmer Formula A Closer Look at Spectra … and More Lines Another Quantum Number Added, k The Zeeman Effect … and Still More Lines Three Quantum Numbers, n, k, m Wolfgang Pauli: the Anomalous Zeeman Effect, Electron Spin and the Exclusion Principle The Pauli Effect Pauli’s “Hidden Rotation” and the Spinning Electron Pauli’s Exclusion Principle Closed Shells and Inert Gases The Wave/Particle Duality Properties of Waves Wave Speed Diffraction and Interference Einstein … a Lone Voice A French Prince Discovers Matter Waves An Associated Wave Dramatic Conclusions An Astounding Thesis Confirmation of Matter Waves Electron Waves in Atoms Visualizing the Atom: the “Old Quantum Theory” Triple Birth of the New Quantum Theory Heisenberg, Genius and Mountain-Climber Heisenberg’s Picture of the Atom Max Bom and Matrix Mechanics Pauli Shows Matrix Mechanics is Correct Erwin Schrödinger – Genius and Lover Schrödinger’s Equation Fourier Wave Analysis of Periodic Functions Visualizing Schrödinger’s Atom The Balmer Formula, the Zeeman Effect and All That Schrödinger: a Return to Classical Physics? Who Needs Particles Anyway? Two Theories, One Explanation Schrödinger Meets Heisenberg Max Born: the Probability Interpretation of ψ Two Kinds of Probability Schrödinger’s Cat… The Quantum Measurement Problem Consciousness and the Collapsing Wave Function Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac: Genius and Recluse Dirac’s Version of Quantum Mechanics Dirac’s Transformation Theory The Beginning of Quantum Electrodynamics The Dirac Equation and Electron Spin The Prediction of Anti-Matter The Uncertainty Principle Heisenberg’s Gamma-Ray Microscope The Breakdown of Determinism Complementarity The Copenhagen Interpretation Como, Italy, September 1927 The Solvay Conference, October 1927 Einstein’s Box of Light A Sleepless Night The EPR Paradox The Locality Principle Bohr and Non-Locality Bell’s Inequality Theorem An Undiscovered World Quantum Theory and the New Millennium John Archibald Wheeler, Quantum Physicist A Final Word Further Reading Acknowledgements Index
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