Lessons on Caffeine, Cannabis Co Plant-derived Drugs and their Interaction with Human Receptors by Angelika Böttger, Ute Vothknecht -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Preface Contents I: Basics and History of Plant Secondary Metabolites

1: Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their General Function in Plants

References

2: Historical and Current Perspective

2.1 History of Medical Use 2.2 History of Recreational Use Box 2.1 The Poppy Goddess References

II: Drugs and Their Human Receptors

3: GPCRs

3.1 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Box 3.1 Catecholamine 3.2 Trimeric G-Proteins Box 3.2 Small G-proteins or small GTPases Box 3.3 MAP kinases 3.3 GS, Golf and Gi Targeting Adenylyl Cyclase 3.4 Gq Targeting Phospholipase C 3.5 Signal Termination References

4: Ion Channels

4.1 Channels and Transporters 4.2 Membrane Potential and Electrochemical Gradient 4.3 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

4.3.1 Voltage-Gated K+-Channels 4.3.2 Voltage-Gated Na+-Channels 4.3.3 Voltage-Gated Ca2+-Channels 4.3.4 Neuromuscular Junction 4.3.5 VOCs and Neurotransmitter Release

4.4 Extracellular Ligand-Operated Channels: Neurotransmitter Receptors 4.5 TRP Channels References

5: GPCRs as Targets for Plant-Derived Drugs

5.1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (MAchR): Muscarine, Atropine and Physostigmine Box 5.1 Allosteric Regulator 5.2 Adrenergic Receptors: Reserpine and Ephedrine 5.3 Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine Box 5.2 Drug Tolerance and Dependence 5.4 Cannabinoid Receptors: Cannabis and Cannabinoids 5.5 Dopamine Receptors: Neuroleptics and Cocaine 5.6 5HT2A Receptors: Psilocybin, Mescaline and Dimethyltryptamine Box 5.3 Schizophrenia 5.7 Opioid Receptors: Morphine, Heroin and Salvinorin A References

6: Ion Channels as Targets for Plant-Derived Drugs

III: Plant-Derived Drugs: Their Function in Plants and Potential Biotechnological Use

7: Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting GPRCs

7.1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Atropine, Muscarine and Scopolamine 7.2 Adrenergic Receptors: Ephedrine and Reserpine 7.3 Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine Box 7.1 Effect of Caffeine on Spiders 7.4 Cannabinoid Receptors: Phytocannabinoids Box 7.2 Short History of Hemp Usage 7.5 Dopamine Receptors: Cocaine and L-DOPA 7.6 5HT2A Receptors: Ergotamine and Mescaline 7.7 Opioid Receptor: Morphine/Opiates and Opioids Box 7.3 Recipe for Theriac, an ancient universial remedy References

8: Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting Ion Channels

IV: Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants

9: Secondary Metabolites in Plants: General Introduction

9.1 Role of Secondary Metabolites for Plant Development 9.2 Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites 9.3 General Mechanisms for Biosynthesis References

10: Terpenes and Terpenoids

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Monoterpenes (From MEP Pathway, C10, e.g. Menthol, Camphor and Thujone) Box 10.1 Terpene Synthases (TPS) Box 10.2 Essential Oils 10.3 Diterpene (From MEP Pathway, C20, e.g. Salvinorin A and Ryanodine) 10.4 Tetraterpene (From MEP Pathway, C40) 10.5 Sesquiterpenes (From MVA Pathway, C15, e.g. Valerenic Acid, Anisatin and Tutin) 10.6 Sterols and Triterpene (From MVA Pathway, C30) References

11: Phenylpropanoids

11.1 Shikimate Pathway (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan) 11.2 Phenylpropanoids (Derived from Phenylalanine) References

12: Alkaloids

12.6.1 Amaryllidaceae (Norbelladine) 12.6.2 Phenylethylisoquinoline Alkaloids

13: Minor Groups of Secondary Metabolites

13.1 Quinone 13.2 Polyketide (e.g. Cannabinoids) 13.3 Fatty Acid-Derived Metabolites

13.3.1 Polyacetylenes (e.g. Cicutoxin) 13.3.2 N-Acylethanolamines 13.3.3 Alkylamides, N-acyl amides (e.g. Capsaicin) 13.3.4 Conium Alkaloids (Pseudoalkaloids, e.g. Coniine)

13.4 Non-protein Amino Acids 13.5 Acetylcholine References

Glossary

Compounds Side Groups Reactions Nomenclature