Ubuntu Unleashed 2019 Edition · Covering 18.04, 18.10, 19.04 by Helmke, Matthew -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Page Contents at a Glance Table of Contents About This E-Book About the Author Dedication Acknowledgments Register Your Book Introduction

Licensing Who This Book Is For

Those Wanting to Become Intermediate or Advanced Users Sysadmins, Programmers, and DevOps

What This Book Contains Conventions Used in This Book

Part I Getting Started

1 Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration

Before You Begin the Installation

Researching Your Hardware Specifications Installation Options 32-Bit Versus 64-Bit Ubuntu Planning Partition Strategies The Boot Loader Installing from DVD or USB Drive

Step-by-Step Installation

Installing First Update

Shutting Down Finding Programs and Files Software Updater The sudo Command Configuring Software Repositories System Settings

Detecting and Configuring a Printer Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu Setting the Time and Date

Configuring Wireless Networks Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems References

2 Background Information and Resources

What Is Linux? Why Use Linux? What Is Ubuntu? Ubuntu for Business Ubuntu in Your Home Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation Ubuntu Developers and Documentation Websites and Search Engines

Web Search Tips Google Is Your Friend Ubuntu Package Listings Commercial Support Documentation Linux Guides and Books Ubuntu

Mailing Lists

Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists

Internet Relay Chat

Part II Desktop Ubuntu

3 Working with GNOME

Foundations and the X Server

Basic X Concepts Using X Elements of the xorg.conf File Starting X Using a Display Manager Changing Window Managers

Using GNOME: A Primer References

4 On the Internet

Getting Started with Firefox Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium Choosing an Email Client

Mozilla Thunderbird Evolution Other Mail Clients

Internet Relay Chat Usenet Newsgroups References

5 Productivity Applications

Introducing LibreOffice Other Useful Productivity Software

Working with PDFs Working with XML and DocBook Working with LaTeX

Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows References

6 Multimedia Applications

Sound and Music

Sound Cards Adjusting Volume Sound Formats Listening to Music

Graphics Manipulation

The GNU Image Manipulation Program Using Scanners in Ubuntu Working with Graphics Formats Capturing Screen Images Other Graphics Manipulation Options

Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu

Handheld Digital Cameras Using Shotwell Photo Manager

Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu

Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero Creating CDs from the Command Line Creating DVDs from the Command Line

Viewing Video

TV and Video Hardware Video Formats Viewing Video in Linux Personal Video Recorders Video Editing

References

7 Other Ubuntu Interfaces

Desktop Environment KDE and Kubuntu Xfce and Xubuntu LXDE and Lubuntu MATE and Ubuntu MATE Ubuntu Budgie Ubuntu Kylin References

8 Games

Ubuntu Gaming Installing Proprietary Video Drivers Online Game Sources

Steam GOG.com Humble itch.io LGDB Game Jolt

Installing Games in Ubuntu

Warsow Scorched 3D Frozen Bubble SuperTux Battle for Wesnoth Frets on Fire FlightGear Speed Dreams Games for Kids Commercial Games

Playing Windows Games References

Part III System Administration

9 Managing Software

Ubuntu Software Using Synaptic for Software Management Staying Up-to-Date Working on the Command Line

Day-to-Day APT Usage Finding Software Using apt Instead of apt-get

Compiling Software from Source

Compiling from a Tarball Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories

Configuration Management

dotdee

Ubuntu Core Using Snaps References

10 Command-Line Beginner’s Class

What Is the Command Line? Accessing the Command Line

Text-Based Console Login Logging Out Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer

User Accounts Reading Documentation

Using Man Pages Using apropros Using whereis

Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy

Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin Configuration Files in /etc User Directories: /home Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory

Navigating the Linux File System

Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls Changing Directories with cd Finding Your Current Directory with pwd

Working with Permissions

Assigning Permissions Directory Permissions Altering File Permissions with chmod File Permissions with umask File Permissions with chgrp Changing File Permissions with chown Understanding Set User ID, Set Group ID, and Sticky Bit Permissions Setting Permissions with Access Control Lists

Working with Files

Creating a File with touch Creating a Directory with mkdir Deleting a Directory with rmdir Deleting a File or Directory with rm Moving or Renaming a File with mv Copying a File with cp Displaying the Contents of a File with cat Displaying the Contents of a File with less Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions

Working as Root

Understanding and Fixing sudo Creating Users Deleting Users Shutting Down the System Rebooting the System

Commonly Used Commands and Programs References

11 Command-Line Master Class, Part 1

Why Use the Command Line? Using Basic Commands

Printing the Contents of a File with cat Changing Directories with cd Changing File Access Permissions with chmod Copying Files with cp Printing Disk Usage with du Using echo Finding Files by Searching with find Searches for a String in Input with grep Paging Through Output with less Creating Links Between Files with ln Finding Files from an Index with locate Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls Listing System Information with lsblk, lshw, lsmod, lspci, and neofetch Reading Manual Pages with man Making Directories with mkdir Moving Files with mv Deleting Files and Directories with rm Sorting the Contents of a File with sort Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail Printing the Location of a Command with which Downloading Files with wget

References

12 Command-Line Master Class, Part 2

Redirecting Output and Input stdin, stdout, stderr, and Redirection Comparing Files

Finding Differences in Files with diff Finding Similarities in Files with comm

Limiting Resource Use and Job Control

Listing Processes with ps Listing Jobs with jobs Running One or More Tasks in the Background Moving Jobs to the Background or Foreground with bg and fg Printing Resource Usage with top Setting Process Priority with nice

Combining Commands

Pipes Combining Commands with Boolean Operators Running Separate Commands in Sequence Process Substitution

Executing Jobs in Parallel Using Environment Variables Using Common Text Editors

Working with nano Working with vi Working with emacs Working with sed and awk

Working with Compressed Files Using Multiple Terminals with byobu Doing a Polite System Reset Using REISUB Fixing an Ubuntu System that Will Not Boot

Checking BIOS Checking GRUB Reinstalling GRUB Using Recovery Mode Reinstalling Ubuntu

Tips and Tricks

Running the Previous Command Running Any Previous Command Running a Previous Command that Started with Specific Letters Running the Same Thing You Just Ran with a Different First Word Viewing Your History and More Doing Two or More Things Using Shortcuts Confining a Script to a Directory Using Coreutils Reading the Contents of the Kernel Ring Buffer with dmesg

References

13 Managing Users

User Accounts

The Super User/Root User User IDs and Group IDs File Permissions

Managing Groups

Group Listing Group Management Tools

Managing Users

User Management Tools Adding New Users Monitoring User Activity on the System

Managing Passwords

System Password Policy The Password File Shadow Passwords Managing Password Security for Users Changing Passwords in a Batch

Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users

Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command

Disk Quotas

Implementing Quotas Manually Configuring Quotas

Related Ubuntu Commands References

14 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting

Scheduling Tasks

Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly Using rtcwake to Wake Your Computer from Sleep Automatically

Basic Shell Control

The Shell Command Line Shell Pattern-Matching Support Redirecting Input and Output Piping Data Background Processing

Writing and Executing a Shell Script

Running the New Shell Program Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells Assigning a Value to a Variable Accessing Variable Values Positional Parameters A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks Built-in Variables Special Characters Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash Comparing Expressions with tcsh The for Statement The while Statement The until Statement The repeat Statement (tcsh) The select Statement (pdksh) The shift Statement The if Statement The expr Statement The case Statement The break and exit Statements Using Functions in Shell Scripts

References

15 The Boot Process

Running Services at Boot Beginning the Boot Loading Process

Loading the Linux Kernel System Services and Runlevels Runlevel Definitions Booting into the Default Runlevel Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools Changing Runlevels Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems

Starting and Stopping Services Manually Using Upstart Using systemd Boot-Repair References

16 System-Monitoring Tools

Console-Based Monitoring

Using the kill Command to Control Processes Using Priority Scheduling and Control Displaying Free and Used Memory with free Disk Space Disk Quotas Checking Log Files Rotating Log Files

Graphical Process- and System-Management Tools

System Monitor Conky Other Graphical Process- and System-Monitoring Tools

KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools Enterprise Server Monitoring References

17 Backing Up

Choosing a Backup Strategy

Why Data Loss Occurs Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources Evaluating Backup Strategies Making the Choice

Choosing Backup Hardware and Media

Removable Storage Media CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives Network Storage Tape Drive Backups Cloud Storage

Using Backup Software

tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool The GNOME File Roller The KDE ark Archiving Tool Déjà Dup Back In Time Unison Amanda Alternative Backup Software

Copying Files

Copying Files Using tar Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams Copying Files Using cp Copying Files Using mc Using rsync

Version Control for Configuration Files System Rescue

The Ubuntu Rescue Disc Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive

References

18 Networking

Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface

Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually

Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr Networking with TCP/IP

TCP/IP Addressing Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu Ports

IPv6 Basics Network Organization

Subnetting Subnet Masks Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing

Hardware Devices for Networking

Network Interface Cards Network Cable Hubs and Switches Routers and Bridges Initializing New Network Hardware

Using Network Configuration Tools

Command-Line Network Interface Configuration Network Configuration Files Using Graphical Configuration Tools

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

How DHCP Works Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time DHCP Software Installation and Configuration Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts Other Uses for DHCP

Wireless Networking

Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols

Beyond the Network and onto the Internet Common Configuration Information

Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access Understanding PPP over Ethernet Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually Configuring Dial-up Internet Access Troubleshooting Connection Problems

References

19 Remote Access with SSH, Telnet, and VNC

Setting Up a Telnet Server Telnet Versus SSH Setting Up an SSH Server SSH Tools

Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins

Virtual Network Computing References

20 Securing Your Machines

Understanding Computer Attacks Assessing Your Vulnerability Protecting Your Machine

Securing a Wireless Network Passwords and Physical Security Configuring and Using Tripwire Securing Devices

Viruses Configuring Your Firewall AppArmor Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan References

21 Performance Tuning

Storage Disk

Linux File Systems Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives The hdparm Command File System Tuning The tune2fs Command The e2fsck Command The badblocks Command Disabling File Access Time

Kernel Apache MySQL

Measuring Key Buffer Usage Using the Query Cache Miscellaneous Tweaks Query Optimization

References

22 Kernel and Module Management

The Linux Kernel

The Linux Source Tree Types of Kernels

Managing Modules When to Recompile Kernel Versions Obtaining the Kernel Sources Patching the Kernel Compiling the Kernel

Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image

When Something Goes Wrong

Errors During Compile Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops

References

Part IV Ubuntu as a Server

23 Sharing Files and Printers

Using Network File System

Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS NFS Server Configuration NFS Client Configuration

Putting Samba to Work

Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf Testing Samba with the testparm Command Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon Mounting Samba Shares

Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu

Creating Network Printers Using the CUPS GUI Avoiding Printer Support Problems

References

24 Common Web Server Stacks

LAMP LEMP MEAN References

25 Apache Web Server Management

About the Apache Web Server Installing the Apache Server

Starting and Stopping Apache

Runtime Server Configuration Settings

Runtime Configuration Directives Editing apache2.conf Apache Multiprocessing Modules Using .htaccess Configuration Files

File System Authentication and Access Control

Restricting Access with Require Authentication Final Words on Access Control

Apache Modules

mod_access mod_alias mod_asis mod_auth mod_auth_anon mod_auth_dbm mod_auth_digest mod_autoindex mod_cgi mod_dir and mod_env mod_expires mod_headers mod_include mod_info and mod_log_config mod_mime and mod_mime_magic mod_negotiation mod_proxy mod_rewrite mod_setenvif mod_speling mod_status mod_ssl mod_unique_id mod_userdir mod_usertrack mod_vhost_alias

Virtual Hosting

Address-Based Virtual Hosts Name-Based Virtual Hosts

Logging HTTPS References

26 Nginx Web Server Management

About the Nginx Web Server Installing the Nginx Server

Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories Building the Source Yourself

Configuring the Nginx Server Virtual Hosting Setting Up PHP Adding and Configuring Modules HTTPS Reference

27 Other HTTP Servers

lighttpd Yaws Cherokee Jetty thttpd Apache Tomcat WildFly References

28 Administering Relational Database Services

A Brief Review of Database Basics

How Relational Databases Work Understanding SQL Basics Creating Tables Inserting Data into Tables Retrieving Data from a Database

Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL

Speed Data Locking ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity SQL Subqueries Procedural Languages and Triggers

Configuring MySQL

Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User Creating a Database in MySQL

Configuring PostgreSQL

Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL Creating a Database in PostgreSQL Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL

Database Clients

SSH Access to a Database Local GUI Client Access to a Database Web Access to a Database The MySQL Command-Line Client The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client Graphical Clients

References

29 NoSQL Databases

Key/Value Stores

Berkeley DB Cassandra etcd Memcached and MemcacheDB Redis Riak Scylla

Document Stores

CouchDB MongoDB BaseX

Wide Column Stores

BigTable HBase

Graph Stores

Neo4j OrientDB HyperGraphDB FlockDB

References

30 Virtualization on Ubuntu

KVM VirtualBox VMware Xen References

31 Ubuntu in the Cloud

Why a Cloud?

Software as a Service (SaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Metal as a Service (MaaS) Things to Consider Before You Make any Decisions Deploy/Install Basics: Public, Private, or Hybrid?

Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack

Compute Infrastructure: Nova Storage Infrastructure: Swift Networking Service: Neutron Identity Service: Keystone Imaging Service: Glance Dashboard: Horizon Learning More

Juju

Mojo: Continuous Delivery for Juju

Ubuntu Core Ubuntu Metal as a Service (MaaS) Landscape References

32 Containers and Ubuntu

LXC and LXD Docker Kubernetes CoreOS and Canonical References

33 Managing Sets of Servers

Juju Puppet Chef CFEngine Ansible Landscape References

34 Remote File Serving with FTP

Choosing an FTP Server

Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server Ubuntu FTP Server Packages

Installing FTP Software The FTP User Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server

Controlling Anonymous Access Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files

Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection References

35 Handling Email

How Email Is Sent and Received

The Mail Transport Agent Choosing an MTA The Mail Delivery Agent The Mail User Agent

Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation

Configuring Masquerading Using Smart Hosts Setting Message Delivery Intervals Mail Relaying Forwarding Email with Aliases

Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail

Installing Fetchmail Configuring Fetchmail

Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent

Procmail Spamassassin Squirrelmail Virus Scanners Autoresponders

References

36 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

What Is a Proxy Server? Installing Squid Configuring Clients Access Control Lists Specifying Client IP Addresses Sample Configurations Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

Setting Up a VPN Client Setting Up a VPN Server

References

37 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

Configuring the Server

Creating Your Schema Populating Your Directory

Configuring Clients LDAP Administration References

38 Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP)

LTSP Requirements LTSP Installation Using LTSP References

39 Name Serving with the Domain Name System (DNS)

Understanding Domain Names

DNS Servers DNS Records

Setting Up a DNS Server with BIND References

Part V Programming Linux

40 Using Programming Tools for Ubuntu

Programming in C with Linux Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu

Building Programs with make Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code Debugging Tools

Using the GNU C Compiler Graphical Development Tools

Using the KDevelop Client The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME IDEs and SDKs

References

41 Using Ubuntu for Opportunistic Software Development

Version Control Systems

Managing Software Projects with Git Managing Software Projects with Bazaar Managing Software Projects with Subversion Managing Software Projects with Mercurial

Introduction to Opportunistic Development Launchpad Ubuntu Make Creating Snap Packages Bikeshed and Other Tools References

42 Helping with Ubuntu Development

Introduction to Ubuntu Development Setting Up Your Development System

Install Basic Packages and Configure Creating a Launchpad Account Setting Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad

Fixing Bugs and Packaging Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest Masters of the Universe References

43 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA

Community Teams

Ubuntu Testing Team Ubuntu QA Team

Bug Squad References

44 Using Popular Programming Languages

Ada Clojure COBOL D Dart Elixir Erlang Forth Fortran Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript Lisp Lua Mono OCaml Perl PHP Python Ruby Rust Scala Scratch Vala References

45 Beginning Mobile Development for Android

Introduction to Android

Hardware Linux Kernel Libraries Android Runtime Application Framework Applications

Installing Android Studio

Installing Android Studio Installing SDK Packages

Creating Your First Application References

Index Part VI Bonus Chapters

46 Using Perl

Using Perl with Linux

Perl Versions A Simple Perl Program

Perl Variables and Data Structures

Perl Variable Types Special Variables

Perl Operators

Comparison Operators Compound Operators Arithmetic Operators Other Operators Special String Constants

Conditional Statements: if/else and unless

if unless

Looping

for foreach while until last and next do ... while and do ... until

Regular Expressions Access to the Shell Modules and CPAN Code Examples

Sending Mail Purging Logs Posting to Usenet One-Liners Command-Line Processing

References

47 Using PHP

Introduction to PHP

Entering and Exiting PHP Mode Variables Arrays Constants References Comments Escape Sequences Variable Substitution Operators Conditional Statements Special Operators Switching Loops Including Other Files

Basic Functions

Strings Arrays Files Miscellaneous

Handling HTML Forms Databases References

48 Using Python

Python on Linux The Basics of Python

Numbers More on Strings Lists Dictionaries Conditionals and Looping

Functions Object Orientation

Class and Object Variables Constructors and Destructors Class Inheritance

The Standard Library and the Python Package Index References

Code Snippets

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