A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography by Tucker, Aviezer -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Series Title Title Copyright List of Contributors Acknowledgments Glossary of Terms 1: Introduction Part I: Major Fields

2: Philosophy of Historiography

Facts Evidence The Structure of Description and Justification Explanation and Understanding Summary

3: Philosophy of History

The Term “Philosophy of History” The Terms “Philosophy” and “History” Historiographical Production Critical Theory of Historiography vs. Substantive Philosophy of History The Meaning and Function of History The Evolution of Substantive Philosophies of History The Poetics of the Substantive Philosophy of History The Arrival of the Philosophy of Historiography

4: Philosophical Issues in Natural History and Its Historiography

Introduction The Scientific Method of Yore The Structure and Research Practices of Scientific Historiography of Nature Explanation and Confirmation in Scientific Historiography Narrative Explanation Common Cause Explanation

5: Historians and Philosophy of Historiography

JOHN ZAMMITO A Perennial Crisis? When “Historiography” Faces “Philosophy” The Poststructuralist/Postmodernist Challenge Practicing Historians and the Challenge of Philosophy Concluding Comment

Part II: Basic Problems

6: Historiographic Evidence and Confirmation

What Is Historiographic Evidence? Bayesianism Bayesianism as a Model of Historiographic Reasoning Explanationism Towards an Explanationist Bayesianism Applications: Skepticism Applications: Underdetermination

7: Causation in Historiography

Unificationist Accounts of Causation Conditional Theories Counterfactuals Causation as a Process Probability Exceptionalism Eliminativism Primitivism

8: Historiographic Counterfactuals

The Counterfactual Character of Historiography Understanding Metaphysical Preliminaries Causal Counterfactual Analysis in Historiography Counterfactuals and Practical Reasoning Science and Counterfactuals

9: Historical Necessity and Contingency

Introduction Necessity and Contingency as Degrees of Stability Necessity (Contingency) and Description Cleopatra’s Nose and Other Category Mistakes Making a Difference Emplotment Prophets of Contingency

10: Explanation in Historiography

1 2 3 Acknowledgment

11: Historiographic Understanding GIUSEPPINA D’ORO

Introduction The Argument for Methodological Unity The Argument against Methodological Unity Understanding Others The Ontological Turn and the New Causalist Consensus

12: Colligation

The Concept of “Colligation” Some Common Hazards in Colligation Philosophical Issues Colligation and Postmodernism The Value of Colligation

13: The Laws of History

A Systematic Look at Laws in History and Nature The History of the “Laws of History” Current Problems and Debates in History and Neighboring Disciplines

14: Historiographic Objectivity

Objectivity and Methodology Relativism and Beyond Scientific Historiography Approximating the Truth about History Conclusion

15: Realism about the Past

Commonsense Realism Representative Realism Analytic Realism Materialism Anti-realism

16: Anti-realism about the Past

Realism vs. Anti-realism in the Semantics of Mathematical Language Anti-realism about the Empirical Realm and, in Particular, about the Past Historical Significance and Historical Insignificance Generality and Holistic Explanations The Objectivity of Historiography Conclusion

17: Narrative and Interpretation

Introduction Origins of the Contemporary Debate Historiographic Research and Writing Two Variants of Narrativist Philosophy of Historiography The Philosophical Approach The Transcendentalization of Narrativist Philosophy of Historiography Rhetorical Narrativist Philosophy Hayden White Conclusion

18: The Ontology of the Objects of Historiography

Background Methodological Individualism Problems with Methodological Individualism The Nature of Social Reality Conclusion Bibliography

19: Origins: Common Causes in Historiographic Reasoning

Some Common Cause vs. a Particular common Cause Type vs. Token Common Cause Information Preservation and the Inference of the Existence of Some Common Causes The Meaning of the Existence of Some Common Cause Likelihoods of the Variational Group given Common and Separate Causes Alternative Common Cause Hypotheses

20: Phylogenetic Inference

Introduction From Art to Science: An Introduction to Schools of Thought How to Infer Phylogeny, Or, Why Some Cladists Aren’t “Cladists” Summary and Synthesis Acknowledgment

21: Historicism

Historiographic Concepts Historical Laws Historiographic Interpretations Conclusion

22: Ethics and the Writing of Historiography 23: Logical Fallacies of Historians

Types of Fallacy Logical Fallacies of Historians Fallacies and Historians

24: Historical Fallacies of Historians

Philosophers’ fallacies and historians’ fallacies Five Historical Fallacies Historical Fallacies of Philosophers and the Relationship of Philosophy to its History

Part III: Philosophy and Sub-fields of Historiography

25: Philosophy of History of Science

Introduction Critical Narratives Rival Reconstructions Philosophical Problems

26: Philosophies of Historiography and the Social Sciences

An Intellectual Historiography Why and When Historiography Needs Social Theory Why and When Does Social Theory Needs Historiography? Conclusion

27: The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory

Progress and Evolution Embryological Analogies Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution After Darwin The Twentieth Century Growing Up

28: The Philosophy of Geology

Introduction Identifying Unique Events Representing Events Unique Events and Explanation in Scientific Historiography Illustration of Evidence and Events Conclusion

29: Philosophy of Archaeology

The Interpretive Dilemma Archaeology and Philosophy Middle Range Theory The Science of Archaeology Where Do Hypotheses Come From? Cognitive Archaeology and the Archaeology of Cognition Darwinian and Biological Archaeology Environmental Archaeology Archaeology as Social Science

30: Reductionism: Historiography and Psychology

1 2 3 4 5 Acknowledgment

31: Historiography and Myth

Some Basic Definitions Historiography and Myth in Ancient Greece Mythical Historiography in Antiquity Myth vs. Historiography

32: Historiography and Memory 33: Historiographic Schools

The Concept of “Schools” Main Schools of Historiography Towards a Theory of the History of Historiography

Part IV: Classical Schools and Philosophers of Historiography and History

34: Leopold Ranke

Scientific Historiography Substantive Assumptions The Meaning of History

35: Scientific Historiography

Theory and Method in Historiography: Some Preliminary Distinctions A Short History of the Historiographic Method Critical Method and Its Discontents The Comparative Method as the “Royal Road” to Scientific Historiography?

36: Darwin

Progress and the Tree of History Discovering the Past Teleological Thinking

37: Logical Empiricism and Logical Positivism

Logical Positivism: Basic Information The Hempelian Model of Explanation in Historiography Popperian Critique of Historicism Conclusion

38: Jewish and Christian Philosophy of History

Biblical Foundations Post-biblical Variations Modern Legacies

39: Muslim Philosophy of History

Introduction Muslim or Islamic Philosophy of History? Islamic Concept of History Development of Muslim Philosophy of History and Historiography Two Muslim Philosophers of History: Ibn Miskawayh and Ibn Khaldun Muslim Philosophy of History and Encounters with the West Conclusion

40: Vico

Theological Convictions Philosophical Assumptions Philological Interpretations Historiographical Implications

41: Kant and Herder

Kant’s Philosophy of History Criticisms of Kant’s Philosophy of History Herder’s Reflections and His Objections to Kant’s Philosophy of History Criticisms of Herder’s Philosophy of History

42: Hegel

Hegel’s Interest in History and the French Revolution Hegel and the Philosophy of History Hegel and the History of Philosophy Hegel’s Historical Approach to Knowledge

43: Neo-Kantianism

The Setting and Development of Neo-Kantian Thought Windelband’s Division of the Sciences: Nomothetic and Idiographic Heinrich Rickert’s Theory of Historical Knowledge Cassirer’s Logic of the Cultural Sciences

44: Marx

On the Marxist Reading of Marx’s Philosophy of History Marx’s Philosophy of History Marx on History and Freedom Marx’s Historical Approach to Cognition

45: Collingwood and Croce

Philosophical Context Knowing History The Content of History and Historiography Conclusion

46: Phenomenology

Husserl’s Phenomenology Phenomenology and History Heidegger Later Developments in Phenomenology Prospects for a Phenomenological Philosophy of History

47: Jan Patočka 48: Hermeneutics 49: Postmodernism

Postmodernism’s Challenge Responses to the Postmodern Challenge Continuing Crisis of Incompatibilities Conclusion

50: Philosophy of History at the End of the Cold War

The Recovery of the Philosophy of History The End of History: Hegel Redivivus The Clash of Civilizations: The Revenge of the Past?

Index

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